tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-34624691742460400762024-03-02T17:47:16.022-08:00A People's Guide to New York CityWChttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07219312338259790076noreply@blogger.comBlogger43125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3462469174246040076.post-53952261167086018522009-12-10T12:24:00.000-08:002009-12-10T21:47:20.989-08:00WELCOME<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgk-zpCGreKGAunWDsJnWVP0O8Ucfer2cFBApDDx4iPiPfiGqAGiEadm8_3F98hIVOm86rphYCx9oaogQun1RU8XKGdImC_G9-JrQQ8FeiZpcIswAv7D3IPz49tpuP7kGg_uhGNPOQSyoc/s1600-h/PGTNYC_graphic_aubrey_titi.png"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 309px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgk-zpCGreKGAunWDsJnWVP0O8Ucfer2cFBApDDx4iPiPfiGqAGiEadm8_3F98hIVOm86rphYCx9oaogQun1RU8XKGdImC_G9-JrQQ8FeiZpcIswAv7D3IPz49tpuP7kGg_uhGNPOQSyoc/s400/PGTNYC_graphic_aubrey_titi.png" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5413706372196838898" border="0" /></a><span style="font-style: italic;">Graphic by Titilayo Derricotte and Aubrey Markson</span><br /><br />"A People's Guide to New York City" is a collaborative class project undertaken by NYU students in Wendy Cheng's Fall 2009 course, "Race, Space, and the Production of Inequality." Taking inspiration from the book project <span style="font-style: italic;">A People's Guide to Los Angeles</span> (Pulido, Barraclough, and Cheng; forthcoming) students researched, visited, and photographed sites in New York City that illustrate the workings of racism, power, and inequality in the landscape.<span style=";font-family:Cambria;font-size:11pt;" ><br /><o:p></o:p></span> <!--EndFragment--><br />We hope you enjoy browsing our "alternative guide" to NYC and welcome your comments!WChttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07219312338259790076noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3462469174246040076.post-47241496328539025702009-12-10T12:18:00.000-08:002009-12-10T12:24:40.995-08:00U.S. Detention Centers (Sunset Park, Brooklyn, and Greenwich Village, Manhattan)<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXVrHE9U54fKvKe3evrfXk8psAJriuAdIenYoyhNlMeS0MuCyCKImwrDLs1NcGY_-LGjyHrBUsh0KSimuFtF5_UIg7i7mCDV3R9JvwxbZWkNLfo2WKfxY-jW-V39Du23TbLCP9z2kWHE0/s1600-h/varickstreet1.JPG"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 214px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXVrHE9U54fKvKe3evrfXk8psAJriuAdIenYoyhNlMeS0MuCyCKImwrDLs1NcGY_-LGjyHrBUsh0KSimuFtF5_UIg7i7mCDV3R9JvwxbZWkNLfo2WKfxY-jW-V39Du23TbLCP9z2kWHE0/s320/varickstreet1.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5413705142353070706" border="0" /></a>
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<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUJ9CIlaVl0c19Z2sTn6uLx5LkY63jzOTyyqZhKQH69NvmE0tjUXYYjpernAtnEOzFz_LQKpLw_iKG4owjmxZuJLXIFxFMx6hy4oiGOY1xuL1mjz5oxT1Ol39fVZQODAolB-czXk7WE8E/s1600-h/varickst3.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 111px; height: 166px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUJ9CIlaVl0c19Z2sTn6uLx5LkY63jzOTyyqZhKQH69NvmE0tjUXYYjpernAtnEOzFz_LQKpLw_iKG4owjmxZuJLXIFxFMx6hy4oiGOY1xuL1mjz5oxT1Ol39fVZQODAolB-czXk7WE8E/s320/varickst3.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5413705128229760274" border="0" /></a> <meta name="Title" content=""> <meta name="Keywords" content=""> <meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> <meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"> <meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 2008"> <meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 2008"> <link rel="File-List" href="file://localhost/Users/wendycheng/Library/Caches/TemporaryItems/msoclip/0/clip_filelist.xml"> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:documentproperties> <o:template>Normal.dotm</o:Template> <o:revision>0</o:Revision> <o:totaltime>0</o:TotalTime> <o:pages>1</o:Pages> <o:words>675</o:Words> <o:characters>3852</o:Characters> <o:company>nyu</o:Company> <o:lines>32</o:Lines> <o:paragraphs>7</o:Paragraphs> <o:characterswithspaces>4730</o:CharactersWithSpaces> <o:version>12.0</o:Version> </o:DocumentProperties> <o:officedocumentsettings> <o:allowpng/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves>false</w:TrackMoves> <w:trackformatting/> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:drawinggridhorizontalspacing>18 pt</w:DrawingGridHorizontalSpacing> <w:drawinggridverticalspacing>18 pt</w:DrawingGridVerticalSpacing> <w:displayhorizontaldrawinggridevery>0</w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery> <w:displayverticaldrawinggridevery>0</w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> <w:dontautofitconstrainedtables/> <w:dontvertalignintxbx/> </w:Compatibility> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="276"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--> <style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:Cambria; panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:auto; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} span.maintext {mso-style-name:maintext;} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style> <!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;} </style> <![endif]--> <!--StartFragment--> <p style="font-style: italic;font-family:times new roman;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:78%;">Varick Detention Center, Greenwich Village, Manhattan.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal">
<br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">The Federal Government runs numerous Immigration Detention Centers and other facilities for detention under the Federal Bureau of Prisons, an agency of the United States Department of Justice and under Unites States Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE).<span style=""> </span>Many of these detention centers are located within New York City’s five boroughs.<span style=""> </span>Two important detention centers have made national news after the wake of 9/11 for the mistreatment of inmates, harsh living conditions within the facility and questions on the suspension of civil rights.<span style=""> </span>This has since offered the idea that such prisons act as ‘domestic Abu Ghraibs’ where the government’s judicial “state of exception” (as we have seen in Guantanamo Bay and in Giorgio Agamben’s pieces) allows for the mistreatment of inmates and the suspension of their rights. One such prison, the Metropolitan Detention Center is located in Sunset Park, Brooklyn.<span style=""> </span>This facility has come under harsh scrutiny from alleged and documented cases of abuse and mistreatment by the police working in the Federal Detention Center.<span style=""> </span>Security camera video footage has captured mistreatment and physical abuse used against the inmates by the police.</p><p class="MsoNormal">
<br /><span style=""> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Another facility, the Varick Detention Center may even strike chords close to home.<span style=""> </span>It is physically located just a handful of blocks west of New York University’s campus in New York City’s own community of Greenwich Village.<span style=""> </span>The imposing building with guards at each entrance tells a similar story.<span style=""> </span>This facility, “a 250-bed dormitory style facility, which houses only adult male aliens (criminal and non-criminal),” is run by Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) and deals with anyone (United States citizen or non-citizen) that has been detained in New York City that has any sort of citizenship issue.<span style=""> </span>Whether it is a person with no papers, a person who overstayed their visa, even allegations of persons with U.S. citizenship being detained, the Varick Detention Center will hold that person until the issue is resolved.<span style=""> </span>Conditions within the facility have also been reported to be extremely hot in the summer. The New York State Bar Association, the State’s largest organization of lawyers has attempted to address the situation by recognizing the troubles associated with this facility. Many detainees, immigrants with little connections around the country and little awareness of institutions such as these are processed at the Varick Street facility and subsequently shipped off to another domestic detention facility away from the city, either upstate or out of state. <span style=""> </span>For the detainee, this seriously complicates the process of upholding ones basic rights as an inmate: speaking to a lawyer, keeping contact with family as to inform them where the detainee is located, etc., etc. <span style=""> </span>This story is all too common.<span style=""> </span>What further complicates this story is how the Varick Detention Center is deeply intertwined with American Indian communities in the United States today.<span style=""> </span>The Varick Street Detention Center is run and operated by the U.S. government but under contract with <span class="maintext">a wholly-owned, for profit, subsidiary of Ahtna, Incorporated (one of the thirteen Alaskan Native Regional Corporations).</span><span style=""> </span>Ahtna, Incoprorated was established by Congress under terms of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act in 1971.</p><p class="MsoNormal">
<br /><span style=""> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span style="font-style: italic;"> - Lilly Padia and Michael Charles Staab</span>
<br /></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p>
<br /></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Work Cited:
<br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">
<br /></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="">Devon A. Corneal, <i>On the Way to Grandmother’s House: Is U.S.<o:p></o:p></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><i>Immigration Policy More Dangerous Than the Big Bad Wolf for Unaccompanied Juvenile Aliens?</i>, 109 PENN ST. L. REV. 609, 646 n.212 (2004)</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="">
<br /></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="">Sharon Finkel, <i>Voice of Justice: Promoting Fairness Through Appointed Counsel for<o:p></o:p></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><i>Immigrant Children</i>, 17 N.Y.L. SCH. J. HUM. RTS. 1105 (2001).</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="">
<br /></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="">Mark T. Fennell, <i>Preserving Process in The Wake of Policy: The Need for<o:p></o:p></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><i>Appointed Counsel in Immigration Removal Proceedings</i>, 23 NOTRE DAME J.L. ETHICS &</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="">PUB. POL’Y 261, 287–88 (2009)</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="">
<br /></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="">Beth J. Werlin, Note, <i>Renewing the Call: Immigrants’<o:p></o:p></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><i>Right to Appointed Counsel in Deportation Proceedings</i>, 20 B.C. THIRD WORLD L.J. 393,</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="">393–94 (2000)</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="">
<br /></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="">IMPORTANT CASES:</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="">
<br /></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="">Donald Kerwin, <i>Revisiting the Need for Appointed Counsel</i>, INSIGHT</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="">(Migration Policy Institute, Wash., D.C.), Apr. 2005</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="">
<br /></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="">United States v. Mendoza-Lopez, 481 U.S. 828, 832 (1987); United States</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="" lang="ES-TRAD">v. Barraza-Duarte, 265 F. App’x 553 (9th Cir. 2008)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="">
<br /><span style="" lang="ES-TRAD"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="" lang="ES-TRAD"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="">Cano-Merida v. INS, 311 F.3d 960, 964–65 (9th Cir. 2002)
<br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="">
<br /></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="">United States v. Arrieta, 224 F.3d 1076 (9th Cir. 2000); Jacinto v. INS, 208 F.3d 725 (9th Cir.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="">2000).</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="">
<br /><span style="" lang="ES-TRAD"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="" lang="ES-TRAD"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="">Families for Freedom v. Napolitano, No. 08-CV-40567 (S.D.N.Y.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="">filed Apr. 30, 2008).</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="">
<br /></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="">CITY BAR JUSTICE CTR.,</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="">FAST FACTS ON THE NYC KNOW YOUR RIGHTS PROJECT AT VARICK FEDERAL DETENTION</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="">FACILITY (2009). (citybarjusticecenter.org)</p> <!--EndFragment--> WChttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07219312338259790076noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3462469174246040076.post-8525778089198494252009-12-10T12:13:00.002-08:002009-12-10T12:18:14.099-08:00Young Lords Party/ First Spanish Methodist Church<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgd2hrvpaM-0ppachPnGHo1fsmHXNFCy8re5NcbUTGlv4YZU0O_BEe4wUtHz9JwpTp3H2IAG9ACWxBsmGTrEa335HEbnmhEOC2f18hQlZuph-EcQK7SGVmJAj59oS7bQ8ocnJB54mkKOgI/s1600-h/ELBarrioChurch1.JPG"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgd2hrvpaM-0ppachPnGHo1fsmHXNFCy8re5NcbUTGlv4YZU0O_BEe4wUtHz9JwpTp3H2IAG9ACWxBsmGTrEa335HEbnmhEOC2f18hQlZuph-EcQK7SGVmJAj59oS7bQ8ocnJB54mkKOgI/s320/ELBarrioChurch1.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5413703880739661602" border="0" /></a>
<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSizDnU33j2pJpvAkouDmJ9RSdMjtY4F7TuoeZU3cg9oQAJtcY-MLldzpHvGJJOMxgreXlOv14aHc7WhN8W91JT8GvhE8VUEkNp8qBT7mgClu2yWPp9eY1fhyvQBHiSwtcHMr9sSu0wrk/s1600-h/ElBarrio2.JPG"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSizDnU33j2pJpvAkouDmJ9RSdMjtY4F7TuoeZU3cg9oQAJtcY-MLldzpHvGJJOMxgreXlOv14aHc7WhN8W91JT8GvhE8VUEkNp8qBT7mgClu2yWPp9eY1fhyvQBHiSwtcHMr9sSu0wrk/s320/ElBarrio2.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5413703877412627842" border="0" /></a>
<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMmeu_l8NInf7x_bybAnUmmbh0anN6O6JgR1Vpy-FeUaMgqRRknQ-hQHmnFHehALgY0au_zd6ThI_wLs_hMEsv_M1JMsMEZ3tAZe0KBhyNQyjddmXHjLUm64HtcX4pQUHGQ83sns4LDxw/s1600-h/ElBarrio3.JPG"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMmeu_l8NInf7x_bybAnUmmbh0anN6O6JgR1Vpy-FeUaMgqRRknQ-hQHmnFHehALgY0au_zd6ThI_wLs_hMEsv_M1JMsMEZ3tAZe0KBhyNQyjddmXHjLUm64HtcX4pQUHGQ83sns4LDxw/s320/ElBarrio3.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5413703870306625938" border="0" /></a> <meta name="Title" content=""> <meta name="Keywords" content=""> <meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> <meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"> <meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 2008"> <meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 2008"> <link rel="File-List" href="file://localhost/Users/wendycheng/Library/Caches/TemporaryItems/msoclip/0/clip_filelist.xml"> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:documentproperties> <o:template>Normal.dotm</o:Template> <o:revision>0</o:Revision> <o:totaltime>0</o:TotalTime> <o:pages>1</o:Pages> <o:words>546</o:Words> <o:characters>3117</o:Characters> <o:company>nyu</o:Company> <o:lines>25</o:Lines> <o:paragraphs>6</o:Paragraphs> <o:characterswithspaces>3827</o:CharactersWithSpaces> <o:version>12.0</o:Version> </o:DocumentProperties> <o:officedocumentsettings> <o:allowpng/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves>false</w:TrackMoves> <w:trackformatting/> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:drawinggridhorizontalspacing>18 pt</w:DrawingGridHorizontalSpacing> <w:drawinggridverticalspacing>18 pt</w:DrawingGridVerticalSpacing> <w:displayhorizontaldrawinggridevery>0</w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery> <w:displayverticaldrawinggridevery>0</w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> <w:dontautofitconstrainedtables/> <w:dontvertalignintxbx/> </w:Compatibility> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="276"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--> <style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:Cambria; panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:auto; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} a:link, span.MsoHyperlink {color:blue; text-decoration:underline; text-underline:single;} a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed {mso-style-noshow:yes; color:purple; text-decoration:underline; text-underline:single;} p {mso-margin-top-alt:auto; margin-right:0in; mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:0in; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style> <!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;} </style> <![endif]--> <!--StartFragment--> <p class="MsoNormal">163 East 111th Street, on the corner of Lexington Avenue and 111th Street, one block up from the 110th street 6 train station</p><p class="MsoNormal">
<br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">El Barrio, also known as East Harlem and Spanish Harlem, has been home to many different ethnic groups throughout the years, but has remained predominantly Puerto Rican since the 1950s. The Young Lords Party, also referred to as the Young Lords Organization/YLO, was founded by a group of mostly Puerto Rican college students in New York City. El Barrio became their home base, so to speak. Originally operating under the name The New York City Young Lords Organization, the group drew inspiration from other social liberation movements happening around the nation at the time. Popularly discussed as a Puerto Rican organization similar or parallel to the Black Panther Party, the Young Lords Party in New York City also drew inspiration from the Young Lords in Chicago—a former street organization that took up the mantle of Latino rights and began community programming and actions in the 1960s.
<br />
<br />The Young Lords prided themselves on being accountable to the needs and demands of the community of El Barrio. A famous action was their campaign to remove trash from East Harlem’s streets. When city bureaucracy and services proved insufficient in meeting these basic sanitation needs, the Young Lords mobilized the community, both cleaning the trash themselves and setting it on fire in protest. Other actions included hijacking and operating a medical-services truck in the neighborhood, offering free meals and clothing, and teaching liberation classes, among many others. One of their best-known public statements was the occupation of a church in the neighborhood.
<br />
<br />The Young Lords took over the First Spanish Methodist Church for 11 days, beginning on December 28, 1969. The church is located at 163 East 111th Street, on the corner of Lexington Avenue and 111th Street, one block up from the 110th street 6 train station. Since this neighborhood was (and remains) predominantly Puerto Rican and served as their operating base, they renamed it the “People’s Church.” During the 11 days of the occupation used the church as a hub to provide day-care, health services, free breakfast and clothing, and arts and educational programming to thousands of supporters. The Board of Mediation for Community Disputes played a role in establishing the Young Lords through this occupation; they recognized the YLO’s legitimacy by proclaiming the Young Lords representatives of a particular constituency. In January of 1970, police invaded the church and arrested over 150 Young Lords members. Though the occupation was short-lived, the site remains well known in the East Harlem community for its connection to and legacy of the Young Lords and community activism in El Barrio.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p>
<br /></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span style="font-style: italic;">- Lilly Padia and Michael Charles Staab </span>
<br /></o:p></p> <p>Works Cited: </p> <p>Arguello, Martha, "Sisters, Brothers, Young Lords," ReVista, the Harvard Review of Latin America. Volume VIII, Number 18. pp. 43-45. Winter 2009.</p> <p style="margin-left: 0.5in;">Deutsch, Morton. <i>The Resolution of Conflict Constructive and Destructive Processes (Carl Hovland Memorial Lectures Series)</i>. New York: Yale UP, 1977. Print. </p> <p style="margin-left: 0.5in;">"Influential Puerto Rican Activist Group the Young Lords Marks 40th Anniversary." <i>Democracy Now! | Radio and TV News</i>. Web. 01 Dec. 2009. <<span style=""><span class="MsoHyperlink">http://www.democracynow.org/2009/8/21/young_lords</span></span>>. </p> <p style="margin-left: 0.5in;">Melendez, Mickey. <i>We Took the Streets Fighting for Latino Rights with the Young Lords</i>. New York: St. Martin's, 2003. Print. </p> <p style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><i>Palante, siempre Palante!</i> Dir. Iris Morales. Adapt. Faith Jones. Perf. Patria Rodriguez, Young Lords. Third World Newsreel, 1996. Videocassette. </p> <p style="margin-left: 0.5in;">Young Lords. <i>The Ideology of the Young Lords Party</i>. Bronx, NY: The Young Lords Party, 1972. Print. <span style=""><span class="MsoHyperlink">http://www.archive.org/details/YoungLordsIdeology</span></span> </p> <!--EndFragment--> WChttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07219312338259790076noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3462469174246040076.post-85432074460128835492009-12-10T12:13:00.001-08:002009-12-13T20:04:53.912-08:00Red Hook Community Justice Center<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOIr_7C8cpo-61w1u9ZDTdSz9BM8fW1Jn-e7a8Ss4UXpgYBRqQrgquYt5jS7jHMJ-dtEwhgi6uH5EAw9BV987Ytg_9dFK_50yWz_pR5K6Es2qgswooK4FfiMiHPZ9OCxWcfj-2V1b1ECU/s1600-h/RedHookFlag.JPG"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 300px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOIr_7C8cpo-61w1u9ZDTdSz9BM8fW1Jn-e7a8Ss4UXpgYBRqQrgquYt5jS7jHMJ-dtEwhgi6uH5EAw9BV987Ytg_9dFK_50yWz_pR5K6Es2qgswooK4FfiMiHPZ9OCxWcfj-2V1b1ECU/s400/RedHookFlag.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5414937912920562338" border="0" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHf1WdXLS6BCr054yePqgujMqBn_JGNkF9O5gxDi2de-VFwnyPy5tq2u1TFMlDg02uhutlF5tfzOc-rBMgULPuj7wB0xtm9uEWj2e4K71IT3Zgz40d-6X9Azl_wlTdRyMEcvsFWH9k8Eo/s1600-h/red-hook-brooklyn.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 300px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHf1WdXLS6BCr054yePqgujMqBn_JGNkF9O5gxDi2de-VFwnyPy5tq2u1TFMlDg02uhutlF5tfzOc-rBMgULPuj7wB0xtm9uEWj2e4K71IT3Zgz40d-6X9Azl_wlTdRyMEcvsFWH9k8Eo/s400/red-hook-brooklyn.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5414937906573061714" border="0" /></a><br /><p><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1wPSGuqMYQ3qCijaIWmzlVBVfzY-l77VKJZ5ASX26euAhvY8BOXjsOlUQCotG-sxq2KP3B0CvrkzPdx2t0ox-Od5UClDEcfrWkJLmqyJQqEpXem7PTQpbsF6fkZtsUE8ELI3lg8V39NM/s1600-h/RedHookFlag.JPG"><br /></a></p><p>The Red Hook Community Justice Center is the first multi-jurisdictional community court in the United States. The term “multi-jurisdictional” refers to its simultaneous hearing of criminal, family, and housing cases under one roof and with one judge. Named in LIFE Magazine as one of the nation’s 10 most crack-infest neighborhoods in 1988, the community of Red Hook has long suffered through conditions of drug usage, gang violence, economic and state abandonment, and police-community mistrust. One of the primary goals of the Red Hook Community Justice Center is to reconcile the residents of Red Hook with a comprehensive court system that the community previously perceived as a criminalizing and marginalizing agent.<span style=""> </span>Another goal is to force the justice system away from the “McJustice” trend that New York City saw during the 1990’s under Mayor Rudy Giuliani with his policies of heavy policing and the record number of arrests that resulted.<span style=""> </span>The Center wishes to build a strong community foundation for the community to serve the community.</p> <p>The idea and need for the Justice Center were realized in 1993, when a Red Hook high school principal named Patrick Daley was gunned down as he searched for a truant student in the Red Hook projects. The first steps for the Center included focus groups, surveying of community residents, establishing an Americorps program designated to hire and train individuals from the Red Hook community, and general open discussions on people’s resistance and attitudes towards court systems in America. The site for the Center was selected by a focus group of community residents who wanted to see this abandoned school building converted into an active community space. </p> <p>The court and all of the services provided continues to run with federal and private funds allocated to the Center each year.<span style=""> </span>Groups like the Robin Hood Foundation, an anti-poverty organization provides money for the services that are much needed in the community.</p> <p>Today, the court takes low-level misdemeanor arrests from 3 different precincts in Brooklyn. Run under the jurisdiction of one judge, the court seeks to provide a comprehensive analysis and approach to every case that comes to the Justice Center. From Youth Court to GED courses to drug rehabilitation to health services, the Red Hook Community Justice Center is a community organization first and a court system second.<span style=""> </span>The Center is designed to help build a healthy and informed community and education efforts that empowers the youth to the elderly.<span style=""> </span>Classes on understanding your rights as a citizen are offered by the Center and involve the police in these discussions to create a more open dialogue for understanding.<span style=""> </span>One of the most important aspects of this Center is - you don’t have to get arrested to use the facility, it is open to the community and focuses more on prevention of crime rather than crime stopping. </p> <p style="font-style: italic;"><o:p> - Lilly Padia and Michael Charles Staab</o:p></p><p><o:p> </o:p>Works Cited: </p> <p>Berman,G. 1998. <i style="">Red Hook Diary: Planning a Community Court.</i> New York, N: Center for Court Innovation.</p> <p>Berman, G. and Fox, A. 2005. “Justice in Red Hook.” <i style="">The Justice System Journal, </i>261(1):77-90.</p> <p>Frazer, M.S. 2007. Examining defendant perceptions of fairness in the courtroom. <i style="">Judicature, </i>91(1): 36-37.</p> <p>Henry, K. and Kralstein, D. 2009. <i style="">Community Court Research: 2009 Update. </i>New York, NY: Center for Court Innovation. </p> <p>Karafin, D.L. 2008. <i style="">Community Courts Across the Globe: A Survey of Goals, Performance Measures and Operations. </i>Open Society Foundation for South Africa.<i style=""><o:p></o:p></i></p>WChttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07219312338259790076noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3462469174246040076.post-45519736130014376082009-12-10T12:07:00.001-08:002009-12-10T13:55:26.988-08:00Pier 40/ FIERCE<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiv8evXwnhGdh5at3-dv2GFUrPsnLIsFad4dBLh8hNeisRaSMY-syMvFWKpl1xP8xXs9I8p4INSW2Pr4AK2yG3TqHn2bPAm2rDMCvdZJppFESlOnq_FlpANtt81Uw7Q7bBOJ9vjEQoLqb8/s1600-h/Pier_40_1.JPG"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiv8evXwnhGdh5at3-dv2GFUrPsnLIsFad4dBLh8hNeisRaSMY-syMvFWKpl1xP8xXs9I8p4INSW2Pr4AK2yG3TqHn2bPAm2rDMCvdZJppFESlOnq_FlpANtt81Uw7Q7bBOJ9vjEQoLqb8/s320/Pier_40_1.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5413701851553525778" border="0" /></a>
<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIxRc6e_OYbhrrs3k1uFGjqBT10fAVevdIatR6vPAn-TIrCoZStn4wdJ0aXdqpohceWJ4UHZAi_N7e9HxpM0SB-J7xJZ7eyNS5kggbP_06IjQ6MdEBx86scZA3dvaxA5qsHZy4m1-FmFQ/s1600-h/Pier_40_2.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 170px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIxRc6e_OYbhrrs3k1uFGjqBT10fAVevdIatR6vPAn-TIrCoZStn4wdJ0aXdqpohceWJ4UHZAi_N7e9HxpM0SB-J7xJZ7eyNS5kggbP_06IjQ6MdEBx86scZA3dvaxA5qsHZy4m1-FmFQ/s320/Pier_40_2.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5413701845456769234" border="0" /></a>
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<br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"> <meta name="Title" content=""> <meta name="Keywords" content=""> <meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> <meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"> <meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 2008"> <meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 2008"> <link rel="File-List" href="file://localhost/Users/wendycheng/Library/Caches/TemporaryItems/msoclip/0/clip_filelist.xml"> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:documentproperties> <o:template>Normal.dotm</o:Template> <o:revision>0</o:Revision> <o:totaltime>0</o:TotalTime> <o:pages>1</o:Pages> <o:words>647</o:Words> <o:characters>3691</o:Characters> <o:company>nyu</o:Company> <o:lines>30</o:Lines> <o:paragraphs>7</o:Paragraphs> <o:characterswithspaces>4532</o:CharactersWithSpaces> <o:version>12.0</o:Version> </o:DocumentProperties> <o:officedocumentsettings> <o:allowpng/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves>false</w:TrackMoves> <w:trackformatting/> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:drawinggridhorizontalspacing>18 pt</w:DrawingGridHorizontalSpacing> <w:drawinggridverticalspacing>18 pt</w:DrawingGridVerticalSpacing> <w:displayhorizontaldrawinggridevery>0</w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery> <w:displayverticaldrawinggridevery>0</w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> <w:dontautofitconstrainedtables/> <w:dontvertalignintxbx/> <w:usefelayout/> </w:Compatibility> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="276"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--> <style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:Times; panose-1:2 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:auto; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} @font-face {font-family:Cambria; panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:auto; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} @font-face {font-family:"맑은 고딕"; mso-font-alt:Cambria; mso-font-charset:129; mso-generic-font-family:modern; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-1879047505 165117179 18 0 524289 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family:Times; mso-fareast-font-family:Times; mso-hansi-font-family:Times; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language:KO;} p.MsoEndnoteText, li.MsoEndnoteText, div.MsoEndnoteText {mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-link:"Endnote Text Char"; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family:Times; mso-fareast-font-family:Times; mso-hansi-font-family:Times; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language:KO;} span.EndnoteTextChar {mso-style-name:"Endnote Text Char"; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-locked:yes; mso-style-link:"Endnote Text"; mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Times; mso-fareast-font-family:Times; mso-fareast-language:KO;} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style> <!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;} </style> <![endif]--> <!--StartFragment--> </p><p class="MsoNormal">W<span style="">est</span> H<span style="">ouston Street</span> and W<span style="">est Street</span>, Manhattan, New York, NY 10014<span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Take the 1 train to Houston Street<span style="">, </span>walk west 4 blocks<span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style=""><o:p> </o:p>
<br />A great way to enjoy the scenery of the Hudson River is to visit one of the many piers of Manhattan. Pier 40 is arguably the finest, or perhaps merely the most renovated and tourist-friendly. This pier, “</span>the largest in Hudson River Park, has a footprint of over 14 acres<span style="">” and is “the starting point of for the historic Greenwich Village walking tour”<sup>1</sup>. After its completion in 1963, “</span>Pier 40 was used as parking garage, and it continues to be used for that purpose<span style="">” <sup>2</sup>. However, since 1999 there have been reconstructions to provide athletic facilities to the public for little or no charge.
<br />
<br />To tourists and those who are unfamiliar with the local neighborhood, Pier 40 appears to be a place for people to park their cars or to play soccer and baseball. However, this site and its recent signs of changes have particular significance to the LGBTQ youth group that identifies the area as a place where they belong.<o:p></o:p>
<br />
<br />The group known as </span>Fabulous Independent Educated Radicals for Community Empowerment<span style=""> (FIERCE) is an organization for LGBTQ youth of color in New York City. They are “dedicated to cultivating the next generation of social justice movement leaders who are dedicated to ending all forms of oppression” <sup>3</sup>. A member of FIERCE who recognizes herself as a young queer woman of color describes Pier 45 and its surrounding neighborhood as “</span>a place where LGBTQ youth go to relax, hang out with friends and form family<span style="">” <sup>4</sup>. She is able to “feel affirmed” in who she is and feel comfortable about her sexual orientation.<o:p></o:p>
<br />
<br />With such attachment to the nearby space, members of FIERCE were galvanized to fight against gentrification of Pier 40. In response to recent move for private development of Pier 40, FIERCE has been campaigning to be part of the redevelopment decision-making process, because any changes made to the pier would impact the community they live in or identify with. In 2008, they </span>launch<span style="">ed</span> <span style="">“</span>their S.P.O.T Campaign to include a 24-hour, L.G.B.T. youth, drop-in center in Pier 40’s redevelopment plans<span style="">” <sup>5</sup>. Despite their efforts, there have been numerous incidents in which LGBTQ teenagers were policed and removed from the area.<o:p></o:p>
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<br />In many ways, what is happening at Pier 40 exemplifies processes in New York City at large. Private development and gentrification have removed and dislocated locals who have used a particular space for a long time and identify the space as their own. Gentrification is often associated with urban renewal and revitalization of a ‘dead’ space. The process “always involves the expansion and transformation of neighborhoods through rapid economic investment and population shifts, and yet it is equally implicated with social inequalities” <sup>6</sup>. A gentrified area may become more vivacious or aesthetically pleasing. However the process also perpetuates inequality and disadvantages marginal populations.<o:p></o:p>
<br />
<br />Present urban restructuring makes us “expect the creation of a bourgeois playground” with “retail and cultural facilities providing recreational opportunities for this population” <sup>7</sup>. However, everybody has the right to the city and “will not surrender willingly. […] The mobilization of sufficient power through political organization or in the streets” <sup>8</sup> can change things. FIERCE activity and participation for Pier 40 demonstrates activism that can make a difference.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /><span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <span style="font-style: italic;font-family:Times;font-size:12pt;" >- Elizabeth Baik and Zoe Ginsburg</span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:Times;font-size:12pt;" >
<br /></span> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="">Notes<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span style="">1</span> “<span style="">Pier 40</span>” Available from [http://www.hudsonriverpark.org/explore/pier40.html].</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="">2 “Pier 40 Editorial Review” Friends of the Hudson River Park. Available from [http://www.nyc.com/arts__attractions/pier_40.1028362/editorial_review.aspx]<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="">3 “About FIERCE” Available from [http://www.fiercenyc.org/index.php?s=75]<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="">4 Bribson, Emerson. “</span>Op-Ed: LGBTQ youth fight gentrification along Manhattan's historic piers.<span style="">” WireTap Magazine. May 3, 2009. Available from [http://www.wiretapmag.org/stories/44165/]<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal">5 Mann, Lucas. “L.G.B.T. youth group fights fiercely for a S.P.O.T. to drop in at Pier 40 in the Hudson River Park”<span style=""> The Villager. June 2008. Available from [http://www.thevillager.com/villager_268/lgbtyouthgroup.html]<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal">6 Davila, Arlene. <i style="">Barrio Dreams</i></p> <p class="MsoNormal">7 Neil Smith, “Gentrification, the frontier and the restructuring of urban space,” in Susan Fainstein and Scott Campbell eds., <i style="">Readings in Urban Theory</i>, 338-358 (Blackboard).</p> <p class="MsoNormal">8 David Harvey, “The right to the city,” <i style="">International Journal of Urban and Regional Research</i>, 27, 4, 2003, 939-941</p> <!--EndFragment-->
<br /><span style=""><o:p></o:p></span><p></p> <!--EndFragment--> WChttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07219312338259790076noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3462469174246040076.post-39582397524918398572009-12-10T12:01:00.000-08:002009-12-10T12:06:58.698-08:00Ellis Island Hospital Complex<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-90jBLb_BZmlZLEsU0q-EgDTz1M_PJ2ElQEdYV2B7Srw8U8i-DUwXTQU0bcrmkHRaYTUvy8d_l08e11lqn9iKacBJKDFIiCeswIrcKQCBCVtVEF4DYIb3oTPvnTBHLBlgwUKSc2zXASM/s1600-h/Ellis_Island_1.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-90jBLb_BZmlZLEsU0q-EgDTz1M_PJ2ElQEdYV2B7Srw8U8i-DUwXTQU0bcrmkHRaYTUvy8d_l08e11lqn9iKacBJKDFIiCeswIrcKQCBCVtVEF4DYIb3oTPvnTBHLBlgwUKSc2zXASM/s320/Ellis_Island_1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5413700404084386866" border="0" /></a>
<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg00U-q6DH3sVbHWj97HCKZjQm8-d5d0HwwyxjyLzmqlw5oxCOpAeuEr9j139mZmYurPWP99vLBjFZe_afe2SYFtWr1RwQmt7nq_XIrVBlLWvQ-Y2iHjI7hOY0zBDgINCtiDkMLFeGPN1I/s1600-h/Ellis_Island_2.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 311px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg00U-q6DH3sVbHWj97HCKZjQm8-d5d0HwwyxjyLzmqlw5oxCOpAeuEr9j139mZmYurPWP99vLBjFZe_afe2SYFtWr1RwQmt7nq_XIrVBlLWvQ-Y2iHjI7hOY0zBDgINCtiDkMLFeGPN1I/s320/Ellis_Island_2.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5413700402843669442" border="0" /></a>
<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjI7eqnSfxLjvkHeXkYT-aHOk3je8K8qb32MZlKLqwP7N7Ka42H975qcFXZdGgm6OyrAVoxGOEdicmkjOkL9iyC81p5cD66a4Q1TaX35NnSw1lhCRxI7CGY8wmaI-qqOQGu9DMD7QParbA/s1600-h/ellis_island_3.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 235px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjI7eqnSfxLjvkHeXkYT-aHOk3je8K8qb32MZlKLqwP7N7Ka42H975qcFXZdGgm6OyrAVoxGOEdicmkjOkL9iyC81p5cD66a4Q1TaX35NnSw1lhCRxI7CGY8wmaI-qqOQGu9DMD7QParbA/s320/ellis_island_3.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5413700395119777234" border="0" /></a> <meta name="Title" content=""> <meta name="Keywords" content=""> <meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> <meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"> <meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 2008"> <meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 2008"> <link rel="File-List" href="file://localhost/Users/wendycheng/Library/Caches/TemporaryItems/msoclip/0/clip_filelist.xml"> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:documentproperties> <o:template>Normal.dotm</o:Template> <o:revision>0</o:Revision> <o:totaltime>0</o:TotalTime> <o:pages>1</o:Pages> <o:words>48</o:Words> <o:characters>274</o:Characters> <o:company>nyu</o:Company> <o:lines>2</o:Lines> <o:paragraphs>1</o:Paragraphs> <o:characterswithspaces>336</o:CharactersWithSpaces> <o:version>12.0</o:Version> </o:DocumentProperties> <o:officedocumentsettings> <o:allowpng/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves>false</w:TrackMoves> <w:trackformatting/> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:drawinggridhorizontalspacing>18 pt</w:DrawingGridHorizontalSpacing> <w:drawinggridverticalspacing>18 pt</w:DrawingGridVerticalSpacing> <w:displayhorizontaldrawinggridevery>0</w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery> <w:displayverticaldrawinggridevery>0</w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> <w:dontautofitconstrainedtables/> <w:dontvertalignintxbx/> <w:usefelayout/> </w:Compatibility> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="276"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--> <style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:Times; panose-1:2 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:auto; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} @font-face {font-family:Verdana; panose-1:2 11 6 4 3 5 4 4 2 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:auto; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} @font-face {font-family:Cambria; panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:auto; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} @font-face {font-family:"맑은 고딕"; mso-font-alt:Cambria; mso-font-charset:129; mso-generic-font-family:modern; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-1879047505 165117179 18 0 524289 0;} @font-face {font-family:ArialMT; panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0; mso-font-alt:Arial; mso-font-charset:77; mso-generic-font-family:swiss; mso-font-format:other; mso-font-pitch:auto; mso-font-signature:50331648 0 0 0 1 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family:Times; mso-fareast-font-family:Times; mso-hansi-font-family:Times; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language:KO;} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style> <!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;} </style> <![endif]--> <!--StartFragment--> <p style="font-style: italic;font-family:times new roman;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:78%;">1) View of Hospital Complex from Main Island (Elizabeth Baik and Zoe Ginsburg, 2009). 2) Aerial view of Ellis Island Complex. A through F are hospital complex buildings. 1999 (Source:www.galvinized.com/ ellis/index.html).<span style="color: rgb(48, 11, 10);font-size:13pt;" ><o:p></o:p></span><span style=""> 3) Inspection Line at Ellis Island. (Source: http://www.nieman.harvard.edu/newsitem.aspx?id=100105)</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal">
<br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"> <meta name="Title" content=""> <meta name="Keywords" content=""> <meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> <meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"> <meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 2008"> <meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 2008"> <link rel="File-List" href="file://localhost/Users/wendycheng/Library/Caches/TemporaryItems/msoclip/0/clip_filelist.xml"> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:documentproperties> <o:template>Normal.dotm</o:Template> <o:revision>0</o:Revision> <o:totaltime>0</o:TotalTime> <o:pages>1</o:Pages> <o:words>769</o:Words> <o:characters>4388</o:Characters> <o:company>nyu</o:Company> <o:lines>36</o:Lines> <o:paragraphs>8</o:Paragraphs> <o:characterswithspaces>5388</o:CharactersWithSpaces> <o:version>12.0</o:Version> </o:DocumentProperties> <o:officedocumentsettings> <o:allowpng/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves>false</w:TrackMoves> <w:trackformatting/> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:drawinggridhorizontalspacing>18 pt</w:DrawingGridHorizontalSpacing> <w:drawinggridverticalspacing>18 pt</w:DrawingGridVerticalSpacing> <w:displayhorizontaldrawinggridevery>0</w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery> <w:displayverticaldrawinggridevery>0</w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> <w:dontautofitconstrainedtables/> <w:dontvertalignintxbx/> <w:usefelayout/> </w:Compatibility> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="276"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--> <style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:Times; panose-1:2 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:auto; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} @font-face {font-family:Cambria; panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:auto; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} @font-face {font-family:"맑은 고딕"; mso-font-alt:Cambria; mso-font-charset:129; mso-generic-font-family:modern; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-1879047505 165117179 18 0 524289 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family:Times; mso-fareast-font-family:Times; mso-hansi-font-family:Times; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language:KO;} p.MsoBodyTextIndent, li.MsoBodyTextIndent, div.MsoBodyTextIndent {mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-link:"Body Text Indent Char"; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-indent:.5in; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family:Times; mso-fareast-font-family:Times; mso-hansi-font-family:Times; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language:KO;} span.BodyTextIndentChar {mso-style-name:"Body Text Indent Char"; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-locked:yes; mso-style-link:"Body Text Indent"; mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Times; mso-fareast-font-family:Times; mso-fareast-language:KO;} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style> <!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;} </style> <![endif]--> <!--StartFragment--> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Directions:</span> Take the Ferry from Battery Park or New Jersey Liberty State Park</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p>
<br />Medical facilities were needed for America’s biggest immigration center to protect both the health of immigrants, and more importantly, of the nation. The first hospital building opened on Ellis Island in 1902. It was to become the largest, most modern hospital in New York. The contagious disease hospital had 18 wards for particular contagious diseases, and there was a psychiatric hospital as well. Two additional islands were built to house what would grow to be a 22-building hospital complex<sup>1</sup>.
<br />
<br />Upon arrival, each immigrant was inspected by a doctor of the Public Health Service (PHS), and those with visible health or mental problems pulled out of the line for further inspection<sup>2</sup>. If they possessed a disease that warranted deportation, they were either sent to the hospital at the patient’s expense or immediately deported to their home country.
<br /></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br />Along with a physical diagnosis, each prospective entrant was inspected for signs of mental deficiency and submitted to intelligence testing. Deportation also awaited those who were diagnosed as “feeble-minded.”<span style=""> </span>Diagnosis of feeblemindedness was highly subjective and often thinly veiled attempts to keep those deemed undesirable out. Diagnostic tools went from the outrageously inaccurate (those that relied on language competency) to extremely subjective (ability to do puzzles in a certain amount of time and facial expressions). Eugenicists formed part of the ranks of the PHS<sup>3</sup>. Inevitably poor Eastern Europeans, Jews, and Italians were feebleminded more often than Western Europeans or those traveling in 2<sup>nd</sup> or 1<sup>st</sup> class.</p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent">
<br />The diseases that warranted deportation also changed according to the political climate surrounding immigration. The number of conditions requiring deportation, including diseases, grew <sup>4</sup>. As public opinion surrounding immigration changed, so did the criteria used to evaluate possible entrants on the basis of health. Healthiness and medicine are not static categories, but rather are influenced by and further contribute to hegemonies of physical normalcy and morality, particularly race-based state projects<sup>5</sup>. The medical exam became “aligned with the forces demanding,” for example “fit industrial citizens, usually to the benefit of industry” <sup>6</sup>. Public health was used as a norm with which to enact differential rights and to mold spatial geographies.
<br />
<br />Immigrant bodies were seen not only as carriers of disease, but of moral degeneracy. Class, race, and urban problems were conflated and projected onto immigrant bodies. Exclusion of those convicted of “crimes of moral turpitude”, prostitutes, and “<span style="">the mentally retarded, contract laborers, persons with "dangerous and loathsome contagious disease," paupers, polygamists, and the "feebleminded" and "insane," as well as Chinese laborers…articulated concern over the admission of real and potential public charges as well as late nineteenth-century beliefs, derived from Social Darwinism and criminal anthropology, that the national body had to be protected from the contaminants of social degeneracy</span><span style="">”<sup>7</sup>. Therefore, t</span>hose unlikely to find work were denied entry. <span style="">Women</span> were<span style=""> similarly</span> instructed on how to care for their children and “good, American ways”<sup><span style="">8</span></sup>.
<br />
<br />Ellis Island Hospital provided opportunities to women of a certain class, while simultaneously reinforcing female dependence. Many incomers were understandably uncomfortable being examined by male doctors, and the PHS began hiring female physicians in 1914<sup><span style="">9</span></sup>. At the same time, women traveling alone were detained until a male family member was able to collect them, as they were assumed to become public wards without the support of a male family member<sup><span style="">10</span></sup>.
<br />
<br />After decades of neglect, the hospital buildings are currently undergoing stabilization and renovation. They are destined to house non-profit organizations, or a conference center, not a museum dedicated to this bittersweet chapter in United States history<sup>1</sup><sup><span style="">1</span></sup>.</p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0in; font-style: italic;"><o:p>
<br /></o:p></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0in; font-style: italic;"><o:p>- Elizabeth Baik and Zoe Ginsburg</o:p></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0in;"><o:p>
<br /></o:p></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0in;">Notes<span style=""> </span>
<br />1 Conway, Lorie. <u>Forgotten Ellis Island.</u> (pp. 7-9). New York: Harper Collins, 2007.</p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0in;">2 Conway, Lorie (pp. 32-35).</p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0in;">3 Conway, Lorie (pp. 121-128).</p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0in;">4 Conway, Lorie (pp. 31) </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="">5</span> Shaw, Nayan. Contagious Divides: Epidemics and Race in San Francisco’s Chinatown. Berkeley, Los Angelos, London: University of California Press, 2001. </p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0in;">6 Fairchild, Amy. <u>Science at the Borders: Immigrant Medical Inspection and the Shaping of the <o:p></o:p></u></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0in;"><u>Modern Industrial Labor Force</u>. (pp. 7). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, </p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0in;">2003.</p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0in;">7 Ngai, Mai M. “<span style="">The Strange Career of the Illegal Alien: Immigration Restriction and Deportation Policy in the United States, 1921-1965.” <u>Law and History Review</u> 21.1 (2003). Available from [http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/lhr/21.1/ngai.html].</span><span style="color:red;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="text-indent: 0in;">8 Conway, Lorie (pp. 91). </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="">9</span> University at Buffalo—the State University of New York. (Jan. 21 2003). Doctors at the Gate: </p> <p class="MsoNormal">The U.S. Public Health Service at Ellis Island: An Exhibit commemorating the </p> <p class="MsoNormal">Bicentennial of the U.S. Public Health Service. Retrieved from [http://ublib.buffalo.edu/libraries/e-resources/ebooks/records/7150.html].</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="">10</span> Moreno, Barry. Ellis Island. (pp. 42). Charleston, Arcadia, 2003. </p> <p class="MsoNormal">1<span style="">1</span> National Park Service. Ellis Island Development Concept Plan. Available from [http://parkplanning.nps.gov/projectHome.cfm?parkId=277&projectId=18591].</p> <!--EndFragment-->
<br /><span style=""><o:p></o:p></span><p></p> <!--EndFragment--> WChttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07219312338259790076noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3462469174246040076.post-17577125846866271992009-12-10T11:57:00.000-08:002009-12-10T12:01:24.117-08:00Associated Supermarket, Bushwick<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhg92FoOPH9WMrvr0uaNkD-4qOflG5ehg1cZxtrjchI24QWTJj9-gUFr6WUmUywHEzAWCv7A5jfSuFWLebvFgNig7qkbxkxhQOhTBQvNJGtcpkC6tibDLASVF7qyPM7_ambs84bKIFdEOg/s1600-h/Assoicated_Supermarket_1.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhg92FoOPH9WMrvr0uaNkD-4qOflG5ehg1cZxtrjchI24QWTJj9-gUFr6WUmUywHEzAWCv7A5jfSuFWLebvFgNig7qkbxkxhQOhTBQvNJGtcpkC6tibDLASVF7qyPM7_ambs84bKIFdEOg/s320/Assoicated_Supermarket_1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5413699414701504098" border="0" /></a> <meta name="Title" content=""> <meta name="Keywords" content=""> <meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> <meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"> <meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 2008"> <meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 2008"> <link rel="File-List" href="file://localhost/Users/wendycheng/Library/Caches/TemporaryItems/msoclip/0/clip_filelist.xml"> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:documentproperties> <o:template>Normal.dotm</o:Template> <o:revision>0</o:Revision> <o:totaltime>0</o:TotalTime> <o:pages>1</o:Pages> <o:words>6</o:Words> <o:characters>38</o:Characters> <o:company>nyu</o:Company> <o:lines>1</o:Lines> <o:paragraphs>1</o:Paragraphs> <o:characterswithspaces>46</o:CharactersWithSpaces> <o:version>12.0</o:Version> </o:DocumentProperties> <o:officedocumentsettings> <o:allowpng/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves>false</w:TrackMoves> <w:trackformatting/> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:drawinggridhorizontalspacing>18 pt</w:DrawingGridHorizontalSpacing> <w:drawinggridverticalspacing>18 pt</w:DrawingGridVerticalSpacing> <w:displayhorizontaldrawinggridevery>0</w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery> <w:displayverticaldrawinggridevery>0</w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> <w:dontautofitconstrainedtables/> <w:dontvertalignintxbx/> <w:usefelayout/> </w:Compatibility> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="276"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--> <style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:Times; panose-1:2 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:auto; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} @font-face {font-family:Cambria; panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:auto; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family:Times; mso-fareast-font-family:Times; mso-hansi-font-family:Times; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language:KO;} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style> <!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;} </style> <![endif]--> <!--StartFragment--><span style=";font-family:Times;font-size:12pt;" ><span style="font-size:78%;"><span style="font-style: italic;font-family:times new roman;" >Associated Supermarket. Elizabeth Baik and Zoe Ginsburg, 2009. </span></span>
<br />
<br /></span> <meta name="Title" content=""> <meta name="Keywords" content=""> <meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> <meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"> <meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 2008"> <meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 2008"> <link rel="File-List" href="file://localhost/Users/wendycheng/Library/Caches/TemporaryItems/msoclip/0/clip_filelist.xml"> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:documentproperties> <o:template>Normal.dotm</o:Template> <o:revision>0</o:Revision> <o:totaltime>0</o:TotalTime> <o:pages>1</o:Pages> <o:words>769</o:Words> <o:characters>4388</o:Characters> <o:company>nyu</o:Company> <o:lines>36</o:Lines> <o:paragraphs>8</o:Paragraphs> <o:characterswithspaces>5388</o:CharactersWithSpaces> <o:version>12.0</o:Version> </o:DocumentProperties> <o:officedocumentsettings> <o:allowpng/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves>false</w:TrackMoves> <w:trackformatting/> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:drawinggridhorizontalspacing>18 pt</w:DrawingGridHorizontalSpacing> <w:drawinggridverticalspacing>18 pt</w:DrawingGridVerticalSpacing> <w:displayhorizontaldrawinggridevery>0</w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery> <w:displayverticaldrawinggridevery>0</w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> <w:dontautofitconstrainedtables/> <w:dontvertalignintxbx/> <w:usefelayout/> </w:Compatibility> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="276"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--> <style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:Times; panose-1:2 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:auto; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} @font-face {font-family:Cambria; panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:auto; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family:Times; mso-fareast-font-family:Times; mso-hansi-font-family:Times; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language:KO;} span.MsoEndnoteReference {mso-style-noshow:yes; vertical-align:super;} p.MsoEndnoteText, li.MsoEndnoteText, div.MsoEndnoteText {mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-link:"Endnote Text Char"; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family:Times; mso-fareast-font-family:Times; mso-hansi-font-family:Times; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language:KO;} a:link, span.MsoHyperlink {mso-style-noshow:yes; color:blue; text-decoration:underline; text-underline:single;} a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed {mso-style-noshow:yes; color:purple; text-decoration:underline; text-underline:single;} span.EndnoteTextChar {mso-style-name:"Endnote Text Char"; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-locked:yes; mso-style-link:"Endnote Text"; mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Times; mso-fareast-font-family:Times; mso-fareast-language:KO;} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style> <!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;} </style> <![endif]--> <!--StartFragment--> <p class="MsoNormal">229 Knickerbocker Ave, Brooklyn NY.
<br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">
<br /></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Take the L train to Morgan Ave, walk South on Morgan Ave. Make a left on Flushing. Make a right onto Knickerbocker Ave, and walk 4 short blocks to the corner of Starr Street.
<br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">
<br /></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">This local supermarket was forced to pay workers back wages in August for widespread wage violations. The owners, along with the owners of Pioneer Supermarket at 1115 Pennsylvania Avenue, paid “restitution totaling $1,125,000”<sup>1</sup>. The owners “were also arrested and pleaded guilty to criminal wage theft and falsification of records”<sup>2</sup>. Violations included lack of overtime pay, paying below minimum wage, and, most egregiously, complete lack of pay for baggers who relied solely on tips.</p><p class="MsoNormal">
<br /></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=""> </span>Bushwick’s racialized spaces, immigrant disenfranchisement, connection to transnational economies and labor flows, and local activism collide in the Associated Supermarket incident. The victory resulted from years of grassroots planning and activism, led by the supermarket workers themselves with support from an extraordinary organization, Make the Road New York. They instituted a long-term boycott of the supermarket, and raised community awareness of the exploitation through Make the Road New York’s weekly meetings, bilingual flyering of the neighborhood and long-term protesting at the site. This community led pressure influenced the New York State’s Attorney General’s Office, who instituted, and ultimately won or settled criminal and civil charges against the owners<span class="MsoEndnoteReference">3</span>.</p><p class="MsoNormal">
<br /></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=""> </span>Make the Road New York is a merger non-profit of Make the Road By Walking, a grassroots Bushwick-based organization that focused solely on immigrant welfare recipients, and the Latin-American Immigration Center, whose mission was to “promote and protect human and civil rights of Latino immigrants and encourage their civic participation in New York City”<span class="MsoEndnoteReference">4</span>. Make the Road New York empowers local residents through leadership roles in the organization. Their advocacy includes expanding civil rights, improving health care, youth development, education, as well as workplace justice. It gives local residents, many of whom are either documented or undocumented immigrants, a voice in the larger policy debate and a say in the direction of their own lives.</p><p class="MsoNormal">
<br /></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style=""> </span>In fighting against labor violations, local residents reworked hegemonic discourses around citizenship status and racialized labor. Workers stood up for their rights, refusing to remain silent because of their race or legal status. In demanding rights, residents inserted themselves into cultural membership, or citizenship, in the United States. Formal citizenship is not always “a necessary or a sufficient condition for substantive citizenship” in a globalizing world where formal participation in a nation-state is divorced from “civic, political, socioeconomic and cultural rights”<span class="MsoEndnoteReference">5</span>. In claiming rights and inserting themselves as political actors, residents became citizens “in the broadest sense”<span class="MsoEndnoteReference">6</span>. They became Americans, culturally if not formally, through the very act of advocating for their rights.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="">
<br /></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=""> </span>While the workers were able to transcend some “identities” such as citizenship status and language, their victory was simultaneously aided by racism imbedded in the place of the victory and inscribed on the bodies of the victors. Almost 40% of Bushwick residents are foreign born, nearly 80% of residents are Latino and almost 35% live below the poverty line<span class="MsoEndnoteReference">7</span>. The workers were able to draw commonalities because of historical ghettoization and racialization of the area. Bushwick has a long history of blockbusting, followed by cycles of disinvestment and perceived blight, which contributed to the area’s racial and socio-economic homogeneity<sup>8</sup>. A relatively homogenous socio-economic base may have mitigated potential fractures in advocacy goals. </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p>
<br /></o:p></p><p style="font-style: italic;" class="MsoNormal"><o:p>- Elizabeth Baik and Zoe Ginsburg</o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p>
<br /></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Notes</p> <p class="MsoEndnoteText">1 Chan, Sewell. “2 Bushwick Supermarkets Settle Labor Charges.” New York Times. 1 </p> <p class="MsoEndnoteText">July 2009. Available from [http://www.maketheroad.org/article.php?ID=980].</p> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">2 </span>“Winning the Fight Against Wage Theft.” Available from [ http://www.maketheroad.org/article.php?ID=985]</p> <p class="MsoEndnoteText">3 Make the Road New York. “What We Do. ” Available from [<a href="http://maketheroad.org/whatwedo_workplace.php">http://maketheroad.org/whatwedo_workplace.php</a>]</p> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">4</span> Make the Road New York. “Who We Are—Our History. Available from [http://www.maketheroad.org/whoweare_ourhistory.php].</p> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">5</span> Holston, James and Arjun Appadurai. James Holston ed. <u>Cities and Citizenship.</u> “Introduction: Cities and Citizenship.” (pp 4). Durham and London:Duke University Press, 1999. </p> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">6</span> Flores, William V. (2003). “New Citizens, New Rights: Undocumented Immigrants and Latino Cultural Citizenship.” <i style="">Latin American Perspectives, 30 (2),</i> 87-100. </p> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference">7</span> Wikipedia. “Bushwick, Brooklyn.” Dec. 8 2009. Available from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushwick,_Brooklyn]; Furman Center. “State of New York City’s Housing and Neighborhoods 2008.” Available from [http://furmancenter.org/research/sonychan].</p> <span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:Times;font-size:12pt;" >8</span></span><span style=";font-family:Times;font-size:12pt;" > Massey, Douglas and Nancy Denton. American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998.; Malanga, Steven. “The Death and Life of Bushwick: A Brooklyn Neighborhood finally recovers from decades of Misguided Urban Policies. City Journal Spring 2008 Vol. 18.2. Available from [http://www.city-journal.org/2008/18_2_bushwick.html].</span><!--EndFragment-->
<br /><!--EndFragment--> WChttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07219312338259790076noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3462469174246040076.post-86023210338621623112009-12-10T11:53:00.000-08:002009-12-10T11:57:12.762-08:00Brooklyn-Queens Expressway and Brooklyn Heights Promenade<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgZA6ulZyrJxYnZj_eGxVq5_mCnDQyM9r4AaRls1ZNYgWjmY58LI5oDjTMv2jJ0fVpx9QS1_WmeX5a58i2XV7VK58A9c66hEMjVQGyoWTuUg4OwMIbMKcZ_SSKXFUm1FbZDTPhmAZuTj0/s1600-h/BQE+Expressway+Archival+Image.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 249px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgZA6ulZyrJxYnZj_eGxVq5_mCnDQyM9r4AaRls1ZNYgWjmY58LI5oDjTMv2jJ0fVpx9QS1_WmeX5a58i2XV7VK58A9c66hEMjVQGyoWTuUg4OwMIbMKcZ_SSKXFUm1FbZDTPhmAZuTj0/s320/BQE+Expressway+Archival+Image.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5413698510714598930" border="0" /></a>
<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMU1V7b161jWuzDippeH4U70gCgtmD1W64peKDmSivgaR3Vc7bWc43IMZhAP89wTNmo8n3_C6XEFmrIGbWSKL2m126rA2GLKIFH0XltqP027R1E8Nkqyf9BSNbHEe1CWoNJoiaJQlKiNk/s1600-h/BQE+Present+Day+Image.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 180px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMU1V7b161jWuzDippeH4U70gCgtmD1W64peKDmSivgaR3Vc7bWc43IMZhAP89wTNmo8n3_C6XEFmrIGbWSKL2m126rA2GLKIFH0XltqP027R1E8Nkqyf9BSNbHEe1CWoNJoiaJQlKiNk/s320/BQE+Present+Day+Image.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5413698506480781970" border="0" /></a>
<br /><span style="font-size:78%;"><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: times new roman;">1) 70 Washington Square and York St, before the construction of the BQE highway, 1926 (New York Public Library). 2) A ground view of the BQE expressway, which illustrates its over looming presence, 2009 (Clare Delaney).</span></span>
<br />
<br /> <meta name="Title" content=""> <meta name="Keywords" content=""> <meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> <meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"> <meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 2008"> <meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 2008"> <link rel="File-List" href="file://localhost/Users/wendycheng/Library/Caches/TemporaryItems/msoclip/0/clip_filelist.xml"> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:documentproperties> <o:template>Normal.dotm</o:Template> <o:revision>0</o:Revision> <o:totaltime>0</o:TotalTime> <o:pages>1</o:Pages> <o:words>713</o:Words> <o:characters>4067</o:Characters> <o:company>nyu</o:Company> <o:lines>33</o:Lines> <o:paragraphs>8</o:Paragraphs> <o:characterswithspaces>4994</o:CharactersWithSpaces> <o:version>12.0</o:Version> </o:DocumentProperties> <o:officedocumentsettings> <o:allowpng/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves>false</w:TrackMoves> <w:trackformatting/> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:drawinggridhorizontalspacing>18 pt</w:DrawingGridHorizontalSpacing> <w:drawinggridverticalspacing>18 pt</w:DrawingGridVerticalSpacing> <w:displayhorizontaldrawinggridevery>0</w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery> <w:displayverticaldrawinggridevery>0</w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> <w:dontautofitconstrainedtables/> <w:dontvertalignintxbx/> </w:Compatibility> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="276"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--> <style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:Arial; panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:auto; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} @font-face {font-family:Cambria; panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:auto; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family:Arial; mso-fareast-font-family:Arial; mso-hansi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style> <!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;} </style> <![endif]--> <!--StartFragment--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Location</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> of the Brooklyn Heights Promenade: The promenade or esplanade runs along Columbia Heights Street from Middiagh Street to Montague St.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Transit</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">: Take the A or C train to High Street. Turn right on Cadman Plaza West, turn left onto Middagh Street, which will leave you to the Promenade.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Brooklyn-Queens Expressway is part of Interstate 278 and runs from southern Brooklyn in Red Hook, where it connects with the Gowanus Expressway to Grand Central Parkway in Queens. In 1940 Robert Moses, the supposed “master builder,” proposed an expressway linking Brooklyn and Queens to lessen traffic. Moses valued the erection of highways over the advancement of public transportation, and while he oversaw the construction of every major high way in New York (except for the FDR Drive) over many decades, no new extensions or lines were added to mass transit although a few were proposed. In 1944 Congress allocated twenty-five percent of federal highway funds for the construction of new roads in cities, enabling the construction of the BQE (Short). Beginning construction in 1951, the BQE now runs close to the industrial waterfront from its southernmost point until it intersects with Kent Avenue in Williamsburg (National Research Council). The construction of the roadway literally razed large physical areas of<span style=""> </span>neighborhoods (in some cases totally demolishing entire neighborhoods) and furthermore served to divide other neighborhoods, destroying their character and displacing residents (Short). <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Only Brooklyn Heights was saved from the fate of destruction or division served to most neighborhoods by Moses’ Expressway. In the original plan, the Expressway ran along Hicks Street, the trajectory it follows southward into Red Hook. The Brooklyn Heights Association, founded in 1910, lobbied Moses and the City to move the highway west at Atlantic Avenue, nearer to the East River thereby preventing the bisection of their community. The collective organization of many neighborhood residents, in coalition with the Association, persuaded Moses to move construction of the BQE westward and created a promenade, overlooking the river, with majestic views of lower Manhattan. The promenade runs along Columbia Heights Street from Middiagh Street to Montague St, almost the entire length of Brooklyn Heights. The power of the Brooklyn Heights Association came from residents’ affluence and the historical influence of many residents of the neighborhood, which has been described as “New York’s first suburb.” The neighborhood contains blocks filled with charming and historic row houses and mansions built in a variety of styles (Lancaster and Gillon). Brooklyn Heights was saved from ruination because of the political and economic power of their active and long organized community association and the picturesque quality of the neighborhood these qualities are all markers of the neighborhoods white privilege. Unfortunately Red Hook, Fort Greene, Williamsburg and Greenpoint did not have these recourses available.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">In these less affluent and more racially and ethnically diverse neighborhoods, despite protest large sections were demolished and replaced by the loud, ugly, pollution-producing Expressway. It is especially glaring in the case of Red Hook where the Promenade could somewhat easily have been continued, or replicated, along Van Brunt Street, but instead at Atlantic Avenue it was moved back to its originally intended route along Hicks Street causing massive destruction and dislocation. Putting an elevated or open-cut expressway through a neighborhood ensures that the surrounding property is unlikely to ever accrue exchange value. The lands’ use value is also severely limited by the Expressway as it uproots many residents and creates an unnatural border. The border changes the existing culture of the neighborhood and “exerts [its own] active influence…[which is] the blight-proneness of zones along the [borders]” (Jacobs). Highways, and other unwanted land uses, are continuously placed in low-income, predominantly minority neighborhoods causing the destruction of these spaces/communities and leaving the population with the documented additional health risks of pollution (Lee). Furthermore it signals the devaluation of the community as a place to be driven <i style="">though</i> to get somewhere <i style="">else</i>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /><span style="font-style: italic;">- Clare Delaney and Upahar Rana</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Sources</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jacobs, Jane. <u>The Death and Life of Great American Cities</u>. New York: Random House <span style=""> </span>Inc., 1989.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lancaster, Clay and Edmund Vincent Gillon. <u>Old Brooklyn Heights New York’s First </u><span style=""> </span><u>Suburb</u>. Toronto: Dover Publications, Inc., 1979.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lee, Robert E. “The Size of Suspended Patriculate Matter in Air.” <u>Science</u> Vol. 178 No. <span style=""> </span>4061 (1972): 567-575.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">The National Research Council Committee on Urban Waterfront Lands. <u>Urban </u><span style=""> </span><u>Waterfront Lands</u>. Washington: Office of Publication National Academy of Sciences, 1980.
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Short, John R. <u>Alabaster Cities: Urban U.S. Since 1950</u>. New York: Syracuse University <span style=""> </span>Press, 2006.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <!--EndFragment-->
<br />WChttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07219312338259790076noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3462469174246040076.post-52109531999989022572009-12-10T11:48:00.000-08:002009-12-10T11:53:15.868-08:00Union Square<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFi3mqOv_aVkis7vEk6bFyJQGOpY-VuhX1K4tiZcNKB4mFTlH6GkOBZwzVWf1tvk_Z1gacCYk6JQTf_-0ZxXwskHe8-6X6psJ8A3t_Dtq8m1QNh83vuPsAgSodegsiO2vpjQGqbH8SNJU/s1600-h/Union+Square+Current+Image.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFi3mqOv_aVkis7vEk6bFyJQGOpY-VuhX1K4tiZcNKB4mFTlH6GkOBZwzVWf1tvk_Z1gacCYk6JQTf_-0ZxXwskHe8-6X6psJ8A3t_Dtq8m1QNh83vuPsAgSodegsiO2vpjQGqbH8SNJU/s320/Union+Square+Current+Image.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5413697144984727266" border="0" /></a>
<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAWMQ06oj49FM_7IFODY7u84NaFDZ5t5R3yPEeeE0riVi0BjSmccBQPjM-M0bUJ5lDOSbG5lcJ2w-FNuOhRYCjwbv-aZOBjtsQepXR8-7SY0xZrHGcOB-7XpxoIAfgdBNiTZLDbPCd5wc/s1600-h/Union+Square+Park+Archival+Illustration.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 188px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAWMQ06oj49FM_7IFODY7u84NaFDZ5t5R3yPEeeE0riVi0BjSmccBQPjM-M0bUJ5lDOSbG5lcJ2w-FNuOhRYCjwbv-aZOBjtsQepXR8-7SY0xZrHGcOB-7XpxoIAfgdBNiTZLDbPCd5wc/s320/Union+Square+Park+Archival+Illustration.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5413697135809900594" border="0" /></a><span style="font-size:78%;"><span style="font-style: italic; font-family: times new roman;">1) Union Square in December with tents of Holiday Market, 2009. 2) Union Square Archival Image: Illustration of Union Square Park in mid-1800s.(Columbia University Park Story Project). </span>
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<br /> <meta name="Title" content=""> <meta name="Keywords" content=""> <meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> <meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"> <meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 2008"> <meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 2008"> <link rel="File-List" href="file://localhost/Users/wendycheng/Library/Caches/TemporaryItems/msoclip/0/clip_filelist.xml"> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:documentproperties> <o:template>Normal.dotm</o:Template> <o:revision>0</o:Revision> <o:totaltime>0</o:TotalTime> <o:pages>1</o:Pages> <o:words>580</o:Words> <o:characters>3309</o:Characters> <o:company>nyu</o:Company> <o:lines>27</o:Lines> <o:paragraphs>6</o:Paragraphs> <o:characterswithspaces>4063</o:CharactersWithSpaces> <o:version>12.0</o:Version> </o:DocumentProperties> <o:officedocumentsettings> <o:allowpng/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves>false</w:TrackMoves> <w:trackformatting/> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:drawinggridhorizontalspacing>18 pt</w:DrawingGridHorizontalSpacing> <w:drawinggridverticalspacing>18 pt</w:DrawingGridVerticalSpacing> <w:displayhorizontaldrawinggridevery>0</w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery> <w:displayverticaldrawinggridevery>0</w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> <w:dontautofitconstrainedtables/> <w:dontvertalignintxbx/> </w:Compatibility> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="276"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--> <style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:Cambria; panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:auto; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style> <!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;} </style> <![endif]--> <!--StartFragment--> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><b style=""><span style="">Location:</span></b><span style=""> From East 14<sup>th</sup> Street to East 17<sup>th</sup> Street between Union Square West and Union Square East. Union Square E becomes Broadway north of the park and is University Place to the south. Similarly Union Square E becomes Park Ave North of the park and is Broadway to the south.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="">
<br /><span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><b style=""><span style="">Transit:</span></b><span style=""> Accessible by the L, N, Q, R, W, 4, 5, and 6 trains.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="">
<br /><span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="">For well over a hundred years Union Square Park has been a site for people to lounge, congregate, protest, rest, and more. Our current perception of the park often overlooks the important historical events that have taken place there. The park was built in the 1830s after the Common Council purchased private property to establish an open space (Shapiro). Before the space was made into a public park, it had been co-opted by the wealthy and regarded as separate private space kept “beautiful” by normative standards and by the exclusion of common people. At this time, the park was demarcated by fences positioned against a densely populated city. In 1872, Frederick Law Olmsted redesigned the park to be more accessible to all people by taking down the fencing and creating more open space for mass public gatherings. This led to diverse ethnic groups and lower income citizens to mingling among other classes and allowed Union Square to become a site of political agitation.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">In fact, Union Square has a long history as a center for political protest, activism and strikes. The first official Labor Day occurred in Union Square in 1882. At this time the holiday was not a celebration, as it is today, but a protest of twenty-five thousand people demanding an end to the use of child labor, an eight-hour workday, and many also advocating an end to rent obligations (Kayton). In 1886 on International Workers Day thirty thousand gathered in the square. Numerous other protests also attracted tens of thousand of people to protest injustices such as depression era conditions, workers' deaths in strikes, state executions, war, and unfair elections (Kayton). Using Daniel Opler’s definition of a strike as a “cultural act” used by workers to impart and spread their message to other workers, it is clear how important a public protest space is to further proletariat political movements and also clear why the space was now dangerous to those in power. The use of Union Square as a communal gathering space of “radical people” who pose a threat to both the governmental and economic <i style="">status quo</i> was ended by the 1980s.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">During the 80s the city spent $3.6 million in renovations on the Park (Kayton). The renovations both caused and coincided with the surrounding areas transformation from one characterized by “low-rent office buildings, inexpensive stores, and single-room occupancy hotels” (Deutsche) into the Union Square area of today inundated with chain stores and luxury commercial and residential spaces. Coinciding with the renovations to the Park, New York lost over 100,000 blue-collar jobs and “gained over twice that many in the finance, insurance, and other business industries” (Deutsche). At the same time the city was trying to attract an increasingly wealthy population, it was displacing the people who inhabit Union Square, (the homeless) and the surrounding community, by out pricing them through the active encouragement of gentrification. The renovations to the park created a sanitized version of the formerly revolutionary space and paved the way for upscale commercialization. The erasure of Union Squares’ history of social spirit, movements, and protest highlights the connection between architecture, politics and economics.<o:p>
<br /></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p>
<br /><span style="font-style: italic;">- Clare Delaney and Upahar Rana</span></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p>
<br /></o:p></p><span style="font-weight: bold;">Sources</span>
<br /> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Deutsche, Rosalyn. “Krzysztof Wodiczko’s ‘Homeless Projection’ and the Site of Urban <span style=""> </span>‘Revitalization.’” <u>October</u> Vol 38 (Autumn, 1986) 63-98.
<br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">
<br /></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Kayton, Bruce. <u>Radical Walking Tours of New York City</u>. New York: Seven Stories Press, 2003.
<br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">
<br /></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Opler, Daniel. “Money Business in Union Square: A Cultural Analysis of the Klein’s-<span style=""></span>Ohrbach’s Strikes of 1934-5.” <u>Journal of Social History</u> Vol. 36 No. 1 (Autumn, <span style=""> </span>2002) 149-164.</p> <!--EndFragment-->
<br />WChttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07219312338259790076noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3462469174246040076.post-52885590885903504382009-12-10T11:37:00.000-08:002009-12-10T11:48:25.591-08:00Seneca Village (Central Park)<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh29X0lXBZlg2LOL0hRJiSTwP4_J1ZyO19f9S1MwnfYA92tGeb-geJTzv63R8HrQKCpgEs4AMnWWEwRUpC9JRJxyBIyQoraMzFUHS1Lz17RbFRc6hi8Xxa7cC_LKP6EWEDzDmTSI2kpbHo/s1600-h/Seneca+Village+Present+Day+Image+1.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh29X0lXBZlg2LOL0hRJiSTwP4_J1ZyO19f9S1MwnfYA92tGeb-geJTzv63R8HrQKCpgEs4AMnWWEwRUpC9JRJxyBIyQoraMzFUHS1Lz17RbFRc6hi8Xxa7cC_LKP6EWEDzDmTSI2kpbHo/s320/Seneca+Village+Present+Day+Image+1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5413695479204554434" border="0" /></a>
<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyjFXTUP5_vht0Le9ZJ75DzgKYdewf5hdraG9xsqBRskzVM0z6-Z1M5_10c3QovjEWcCa_l6gShXrUJSBvinOHS6oziBfb7ilMpAgBaFbwSMoqqrxcZB6jJKLrXrV1leGFQTwmFwGug9U/s1600-h/Seneca+Village+Plaque+Present+image+2.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 284px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyjFXTUP5_vht0Le9ZJ75DzgKYdewf5hdraG9xsqBRskzVM0z6-Z1M5_10c3QovjEWcCa_l6gShXrUJSBvinOHS6oziBfb7ilMpAgBaFbwSMoqqrxcZB6jJKLrXrV1leGFQTwmFwGug9U/s320/Seneca+Village+Plaque+Present+image+2.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5413695473521735538" border="0" /></a>
<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_p0BZYqe6zdhOI9FpZYAdWUDU5ZKfwMRhZIFhdV_SZhBurlIXJXXxECP_rnEEctKRiv-o6Yv7QH90SXh8Z5E1CiXJzEPuuP8sq9a3CQZ4rlxW9vAcvB5O8tQytLo8zD3qjBP8-B-52n8/s1600-h/Seneca+Village+Archival+Illustration.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 245px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_p0BZYqe6zdhOI9FpZYAdWUDU5ZKfwMRhZIFhdV_SZhBurlIXJXXxECP_rnEEctKRiv-o6Yv7QH90SXh8Z5E1CiXJzEPuuP8sq9a3CQZ4rlxW9vAcvB5O8tQytLo8zD3qjBP8-B-52n8/s320/Seneca+Village+Archival+Illustration.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5413695466653675106" border="0" /></a>
<br /> <meta name="Title" content=""> <meta name="Keywords" content=""> <meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> <meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"> <meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 2008"> <meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 2008"> <link rel="File-List" href="file://localhost/Users/wendycheng/Library/Caches/TemporaryItems/msoclip/0/clip_filelist.xml"> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:documentproperties> <o:template>Normal.dotm</o:Template> <o:revision>0</o:Revision> <o:totaltime>0</o:TotalTime> <o:pages>1</o:Pages> <o:words>628</o:Words> <o:characters>3580</o:Characters> <o:company>nyu</o:Company> <o:lines>29</o:Lines> <o:paragraphs>7</o:Paragraphs> <o:characterswithspaces>4396</o:CharactersWithSpaces> <o:version>12.0</o:Version> </o:DocumentProperties> <o:officedocumentsettings> <o:allowpng/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves>false</w:TrackMoves> <w:trackformatting/> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:drawinggridhorizontalspacing>18 pt</w:DrawingGridHorizontalSpacing> <w:drawinggridverticalspacing>18 pt</w:DrawingGridVerticalSpacing> <w:displayhorizontaldrawinggridevery>0</w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery> <w:displayverticaldrawinggridevery>0</w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> <w:dontautofitconstrainedtables/> <w:dontvertalignintxbx/> </w:Compatibility> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="276"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--> <style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:Arial; panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:auto; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} @font-face {font-family:Times; panose-1:2 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:auto; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} @font-face {font-family:Cambria; panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:auto; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style> <!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;} </style> <![endif]--> <!--StartFragment--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family:Times;"><span style="font-size:78%;"><span style="font-style: italic;font-family:times new roman;" >1) Picture of where Seneca Village existed in the Park, 2009. 2) A plaque that provides a brief history of Seneca Village's existence, 2009. 3) An Interpreted illustration of Seneca Village, 1856. (Columbia University Seneca Village Project).</span></span>
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family:Times;">
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family:Times;">Between 81<sup>st</sup> and 89<sup>th</sup> St between 7<sup>th</sup> and 8<sup>th</sup> Ave,<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family:Times;">Central Park West, New York, NY</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /><span style="font-family:Times;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family:Times;">Location of the Plaque: 85 St and Central Park West</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /><span style="font-family:Times;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family:Times;">Directions: From Midtown New York, Head <span style="">northeast</span> on <span style="">Central Park Driveway</span> toward <span style="">East Dr, </span>Continue onto <span style="">East Dr, </span>Turn <span style="">left</span> at <span style="">72nd St Transverse/East Dr, </span>Continue to follow 72nd St Transverse<span style="">,</span> Turn <span style="">right</span> at <span style="">Central Park Driveway,</span>Turn <span style="">left</span> at <span style="">W 77th St, </span>Take the 1st <span style="">right</span> onto <span style="">Central Park West. (Google Map)</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /><span style="font-family:Times;"><span style=""></span></span><span style="font-family:Times;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family:Times;"><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family:Times;"><span style=""> </span>Central Park is a major attraction for city dwellers, tourists, and the affluent communities in Upper Manhattan as a recreational site. However, majority of the population are unaware of history of Central Park, which contradicts and juxtaposes its position chronically. The creation and subsistence of Central Park marks a history of injustice by institutions with racialization of property and ownership rights. Before the much-publicized landscaped park was created, Seneca Village existed as settlement of African Americans, Irish, and German immigrants from 1825 to 1857 (Rosenzweig, and Blackmar, 67). The community was initially established in the 1820s by African Americans, who purchased land for their homes. There are different theories to how the African Americans gained access to land ownership. Nonetheless, their presence in the village is regarded as one of the first significant accounts of self-determination through landownership. The dominant premises for land accumulation are that property ownership was required for African Americans in order to qualify for the right to suffrage and vote after the New York State Constitution Act of 1821(Chambers, and Shackel,102). The other factors were that the land bordered out of the city was inexpensive and sustainable as a “free black settlement,” where the African Americans were less likely to be discriminated in the housing market. The other waves of residents could also have had right of entry through the African Union Church or other churches, who purchased land in Central Park (Rosenzweig, and Blackmar, 70).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family:Times;"><span style=""> </span>In the 1840’s Irish and German immigrants integrated the village and ethnic mix lived harmoniously for a short period. The mixed community was regarded as a “little settlement” of vagabonds that lived with hogs and goats, despite its occupants of over 260 of which was two-third African American and one-third European (Shackel, and Chambers). The press at the time created a common sense ideology that racialized Seneca Village and its people by criminalizing and diminishing their presence (Germic, 35). They were generalized by hegemonic consensus to be useless criminals living in filthy huts as lower class citizens. The creation of “lower class” citizen also leads to concept of wealth gap to be constructed as a racial difference (Germic, 35). <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family:Times;">Contrary to the popular misconceptions, Seneca Village’s residents co-existed as a resourceful and diverse community in relation to the other ethnic enclaves of the time (AG). The village had their own institutions that included three churches, its own burial ground, and schools. Most of the residents either owned or rented the property as opposed to the common sense of being “squatters.” Nonetheless, after many political disputes the city chose the village and the surrounding land as a site for Central Park. Soon after over 1500 residents on the land were evicted on the basis of eminent domain, which also signified that the occupants were treated as lower class citizens that could not contest to their removal (Chambers, and Shackel, 103). Although the property owners were compensated, it did not hinder the fact that they were displaced. Seneca Village is prime example of how the narrative of racial ideologies construct and wipe away historical imprints of institutional discrimination based on race, class, and status.
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<br /><span style="font-style: italic;">- Clare Delaney and Upahar Rana</span>
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family:Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-family:Times;"><o:p> </o:p></span>
<br /></p><span style="font-family:Times;"><o:p></o:p></span> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family:Times;">Sources</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family:Times;">
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family:Times;">Chambers, Erve, and Paul Shackler<i style="">. Places in mind: Public Archaeology as Applied<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><i style=""><span style="font-family:Times;">Anthropology</span></i><i style=""><span style="font-family:Times;">. Critical Perspectives in Identity, Memory & the Built Environment.</span></i><i style=""><span style="font-family:Times;"> </span></i><span style="font-family:Times;"><span style=""> </span>New York: Routledge, 2004. Print.</span><i style=""><span style="font-family:Times;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family:Times;">Germic, A Stephen. <i style="">American green: Class, Crisis, and the Deployment of Nature in<span style=""> </span>Central <o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><i style=""><span style="font-family:Times;">Park, Yosemite, and Yellowstone</span></i><span style="font-family:Times;">. Boston: Lexington, 2001. Print.<i style=""><o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family:Times;">Rosenzweig, Roy, and Elizabeth Blackmar. <i style="">The Park and the People: A History of Central Park.</i> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family:Times;">New York: Cornell, 1992. Print.<i style=""><o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <!--EndFragment-->
<br />WChttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07219312338259790076noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3462469174246040076.post-84211936527740164922009-12-10T11:25:00.001-08:002009-12-10T21:41:40.910-08:00Apollo Theater<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh32aiTv2-r9ohifgk6p6-0_RJUDmvx13F9Y07XZVHreHIWwNJ_aoHcdN2iLrNMruevssGwbXSDx1mRL9wKBiKahjwKvgo_yTVfHW7dHzsmue4GKQaziUptLZURUNO_VU2Iln4vxrcVgak/s1600-h/Apollo+Theater+1.png"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 243px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh32aiTv2-r9ohifgk6p6-0_RJUDmvx13F9Y07XZVHreHIWwNJ_aoHcdN2iLrNMruevssGwbXSDx1mRL9wKBiKahjwKvgo_yTVfHW7dHzsmue4GKQaziUptLZURUNO_VU2Iln4vxrcVgak/s320/Apollo+Theater+1.png" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5413691094107035186" border="0" /></a><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEga0zgXz7XskDdLx30NvRA_-kkI4Q6hCC8pogFwskyhSWSvPJE719tyC9R_WsV8Te28wCvKS1UVfbhQlsoGLQgC99tv8osj_-paV67sLe8tZRcKLcFSMEKphDSbmxcK0pSxxuZVmYYhGzg/s1600-h/Apollo+Theater+2.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 214px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEga0zgXz7XskDdLx30NvRA_-kkI4Q6hCC8pogFwskyhSWSvPJE719tyC9R_WsV8Te28wCvKS1UVfbhQlsoGLQgC99tv8osj_-paV67sLe8tZRcKLcFSMEKphDSbmxcK0pSxxuZVmYYhGzg/s320/Apollo+Theater+2.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5413691085233748162" border="0" /></a><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwrYEV0Y4VMf57CZF3vny25UrYtC6su32df5Wbkq5oCMToyUavPyPMOz8oN3qTa0-VZmz3BvVEX201peFWAsdXYgnuLdYBrVKk3aYHUO2LkN724X2_2PWjfTVXOEM50bqsgwAp0mosdWM/s1600-h/Apollo+Theater+3.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwrYEV0Y4VMf57CZF3vny25UrYtC6su32df5Wbkq5oCMToyUavPyPMOz8oN3qTa0-VZmz3BvVEX201peFWAsdXYgnuLdYBrVKk3aYHUO2LkN724X2_2PWjfTVXOEM50bqsgwAp0mosdWM/s320/Apollo+Theater+3.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5413691926001090114" border="0" /></a>
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<br />
<br /><span style="font-style: italic;font-size:78%;" ><span style="font-family:times new roman;">1) Archival Image of Apollo Theater. Posted February 11, 1996. From Correspondent Brian Jenkins. <http: com="" events="" black_history="" harlem_photos="" gif=""> 2) Tribute to Michael Jackson outside Apollo Theater, June 29, 2009. <http: com="" img="" 2009="" 06="" 26="" jpg=""> 3) IApollo Theater, present day (Sienna Lee).</http:></http:></span></span>
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<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Address:</span> 253 West 125th Street, New York, NY 10027
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<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Directions:</span> Take the 2, 3 Trains Uptown/Harlem to 125th Street. Walk West 2 Blocks.
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<br /><meta name="Title" content=""> <meta name="Keywords" content=""> <meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> <meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"> <meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 2008"> <meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 2008"> <link rel="File-List" href="file://localhost/Users/wendycheng/Library/Caches/TemporaryItems/msoclip/0/clip_filelist.xml"> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:documentproperties> <o:template>Normal.dotm</o:Template> <o:revision>0</o:Revision> <o:totaltime>0</o:TotalTime> <o:pages>1</o:Pages> <o:words>507</o:Words> <o:characters>2895</o:Characters> <o:company>nyu</o:Company> <o:lines>24</o:Lines> <o:paragraphs>5</o:Paragraphs> <o:characterswithspaces>3555</o:CharactersWithSpaces> <o:version>12.0</o:Version> </o:DocumentProperties> <o:officedocumentsettings> <o:allowpng/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves>false</w:TrackMoves> <w:trackformatting/> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:drawinggridhorizontalspacing>18 pt</w:DrawingGridHorizontalSpacing> <w:drawinggridverticalspacing>18 pt</w:DrawingGridVerticalSpacing> <w:displayhorizontaldrawinggridevery>0</w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery> <w:displayverticaldrawinggridevery>0</w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> <w:dontautofitconstrainedtables/> <w:dontvertalignintxbx/> </w:Compatibility> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="276"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--> <style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:Arial; panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:auto; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} @font-face {font-family:"Courier New"; panose-1:2 7 3 9 2 2 5 2 4 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:auto; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} @font-face {font-family:Wingdings; panose-1:5 2 1 2 1 8 4 8 7 8; mso-font-charset:2; mso-generic-font-family:auto; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:0 0 65536 0 -2147483648 0;} @font-face {font-family:Cambria; panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:auto; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} @font-face {font-family:"Bookman Old Style"; panose-1:2 5 6 4 5 5 5 2 2 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:auto; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} /* List Definitions */ @list l0 {mso-list-id:1049963392; mso-list-type:hybrid; mso-list-template-ids:-1338608296 -1670224780 67698691 67698693 67698689 67698691 67698693 67698689 67698691 67698693;} @list l0:level1 {mso-level-start-at:2003; mso-level-number-format:bullet; mso-level-text:; mso-level-tab-stop:none; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-.25in; font-family:Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol;} ol {margin-bottom:0in;} ul {margin-bottom:0in;} --> </style> <!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;} </style> <![endif]--> <!--StartFragment--><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style=""><o:p></o:p></b></span><!--[endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b><span style="font-size:13pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style=""> </span>A rich Mecca for urban fashion and street culture, 125<sup>th</sup> street in Harlem is lined with sneaker stores, athletic apparel, boutiques, hair stores, and fast food chains. It is home to the famous Apollo Theatre and has been and urban center for decades. Constructed in 1914 in the heart of Harlem’s 125<sup>th</sup> street, the Apollo theatre, initially named the Hurtig and Seamon’s New Burlesque Theatre, did not allow African Americans to sit in its audience. However through the Harlem Renaissance and a shift in ownership, the theater underwent a transformation in reputation re-opened as the <i style="">125 Street Apollo </i>in 1934. The new owners Frank Schiffman and Leo Brecher partnered with Morris Sussman of the <i style="">Harlem Opera House</i><o:p></o:p></span> Realizing that they could give more affordable shows for lesser booking fee’s by hiring African American Performers, Schiffman and Brecher’s theater was one of the only places hosting black acts for years in the 30’s. After showcasing the likes of Ella Fitzgerald, Billie Holiday, James Brown, and the Jackson 5, the Apollo theater soon began branding itself as a place “where stars are born, and legends are made.”
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<br /></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style=""> </span>The Theater began to experience a decline in popularity in the 60’s and 70’s and in 1975 it was converted into a movie theater. However, thanks to the Percy E. Sutton, owner of <i style="">Inner City Broadcasting</i>, the theater was purchased and revived in 1983. Later, in 1975, the Theater received local city, state, and federal recognition for its Landmark Status.
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<br /><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size:13pt;"><span style=""> </span></span>The entire site of 125th Street is one of great importance to African Americans in New York City. It is noted as an epicenter of black community formation--based upon common cultural practices and social struggle--within the city. It is also a symbol of the revival and display of the vibrant African American culture, which ranges from the hip-hop you hear blasting from the stereo systems of cars driving through the streets, to the performances that numerous famous African Americans artists have put on at the Apollo Theater. Race plays a huge role in the popularity of 125th Street, due to the fact that "the racial demography of the places where people live, work, play, shop, and travel exposes them to a socially shared system of exclusion and inclusion" (Lipsitz 12). This Harlem historical site, and specifically the Apollo, relate to the "black spatial imaginary", which describes how people of color, who have been oppressed and relegated to undesirable spaces, have been able to "turn segregation into congregation," and therefore carve out a place for themselves in society (Lipstiz 14). Discourses of space have been ingrained into African American culture, and 125th Street is a prime example of "the celebration of the city street in the imagery and iconography of hip-hop", where the "street" is representative of the overall urban space which the black community has been forced to occupy, and where it now flourishes.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-style: italic;">- Stephanie Hurley and Sienna Lee</span>
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<br /><b style=""><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"></span></o:p></u></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style=""><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style="">Sources:
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<br /><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style=""><o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style=""><o:p> </o:p></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Horton, James Oliver. <i style="">Landmarks of African American History. </i>New York. <span style=""> </span>Oxford University Press, 2005. Paperback.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Freeman, Lance Ph.D. <i style="">There goes the ‘hood: views of gentrification from <span style=""> </span>the ground up. </i>Philadelphia, PA. Temple University Press, 2006. <span style=""> </span>Paperback.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style=""><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" face="times new roman"><span style="font-size:100%;">Lipsitz, George. <i style="">The Racialization of Space and the Spatialization of Race; <span style=""> </span>Theorizing the Hidden Architecture of Landscape. </i>Landscape <span style=""> </span>Journal. 26(1): 10-23 (2007). <o:p></o:p></span></p> <!--EndFragment-->
<br />WChttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07219312338259790076noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3462469174246040076.post-59859353347959950272009-12-10T09:18:00.000-08:002009-12-10T21:42:52.771-08:00Dry Dock Playground & Pool [Szold Pool]<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6sUHI0niZbBznB7Tp_qCrSal4d61gqHXPx5MWI92M0fZvckU10VKKeO-iz_RziL_bsQ6iMkUwqwQW_rV36KxAF_tUWj-HB8ZfDRa9iowds1ZizARq7kicdvVuJh43Kf9eUR16otAHZ9g/s1600-h/Dry+Dock+Pool+1.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 198px; height: 160px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6sUHI0niZbBznB7Tp_qCrSal4d61gqHXPx5MWI92M0fZvckU10VKKeO-iz_RziL_bsQ6iMkUwqwQW_rV36KxAF_tUWj-HB8ZfDRa9iowds1ZizARq7kicdvVuJh43Kf9eUR16otAHZ9g/s320/Dry+Dock+Pool+1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5413658364283342786" border="0" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0hE5869o7okTIgoN2rjxm01JqV7XUlBPvNPyh2MXr-6wrkADMP-dIf-Qj18ZJiu7-L1BTCNwc1-wbOsOo7sBOa8kbbeXKpkyOaN4_EDTaj_TXSQMyjWf33QKCEjQQhZ1AycZrr4uTvjc/s1600-h/Dry+Dock+Pool+2.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 233px; height: 175px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0hE5869o7okTIgoN2rjxm01JqV7XUlBPvNPyh2MXr-6wrkADMP-dIf-Qj18ZJiu7-L1BTCNwc1-wbOsOo7sBOa8kbbeXKpkyOaN4_EDTaj_TXSQMyjWf33QKCEjQQhZ1AycZrr4uTvjc/s320/Dry+Dock+Pool+2.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5413658360058257826" border="0" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLM98MjxVK6oLzcGsaNww0e042Ez3Ivd-jyb1WGgABewEjNXiNMHnUYNSbirHAP8x3GFAZ3pjJmTICoVItmu0uVEBpkndq56z-YRpRnliysKYYMApeHWRxVRMHhXpHMHHZQHWPywoMkmU/s1600-h/Dry+Dock+Pool+3.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 216px; height: 161px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLM98MjxVK6oLzcGsaNww0e042Ez3Ivd-jyb1WGgABewEjNXiNMHnUYNSbirHAP8x3GFAZ3pjJmTICoVItmu0uVEBpkndq56z-YRpRnliysKYYMApeHWRxVRMHhXpHMHHZQHWPywoMkmU/s320/Dry+Dock+Pool+3.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5413658356927653922" border="0" /></a><span style="font-style: italic;font-family:times new roman;font-size:78%;" >1) Archival Image of Avenue D and East 10th Street, Manhattan (March 23, 1937) <http: org="" id="482779&t=w"> 2) Image of 10th Street and Avenue D. <http: com="" bigmap="" manhattan="" villages="" east="" aved="" htm=""> 3) Dry-Dock Pool, present day (Sienna Lee)</http:></http:></span><span style=";font-family:";" ><span style="font-style: italic;font-family:times new roman;font-size:78%;" ></span><br /></span><b style=""><span style=";font-family:";" ><br /></span></b><span style=";font-family:";font-size:100%;" ><span><span style="font-weight: bold;">Address:</span> North side of E. 10th Street between Ave. C & Ave. D, at Szold Place<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Directions:</span><br /><br />· Take the M14D to 10th Street between Avenue C and D.<br />· Take the L train to the 1st Ave Street Station.<br />· Take the L, N, Q, R, W, 4, 5 to Union Square, Take the M14D to 10th Street and Avenue D.</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style=""><span style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style=""> </span>An important site in the landscape of the Lower East Side, the Dry Dock Playground and Pool—also known as Szold pool—sits at a dynamic crossroads amidst changing forces in this Manhattan neighborhood. Positioned with the Con Edison East River generating station to its North, and <i style="">Louisaida</i> Avenue C to its West, the sprawling Lilian Wald and Jacob Riis Housing Projects flank it East to South. This recreational area serves as a dynamic meeting-place for schoolchildren, teens, families, and longtime neighborhood residences of varying races and national origins.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style=""> </span>Located in an area once known as the Dry Dock District—a name given in the mid 19th-century after its booming iron works industry—the City of New York acquired the land in 1964 as part of the Thompsons Square Urban Renewal Area Project. The Pool and Park were opened in 1975 as a part of a neighborhood wide effort to clean up the local tenement buildings, warehouses, and abandoned facilities. Because of the pool’s proximity to the Wald and Riis Houses, and its shared servicing of the ever-gentrifying <i style="">Louisida</i> Avenue C, the space around the pool has arisen as new epicenter in the divide of class and racial polarization.</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style=""> </span>In 1990 the city invested $500,000 in renovating the pool and park; putting up new fences, benches, play equipment, new basketball backboards, repaving the cement, and re-building curbs. Again, similar to the conditions surrounding its inception, this was part of a larger effort to clean up the neighborhood. Since the Lower East Side exists as one of the last ‘urban ethnic enclaves’ in Manhattan, a highly controversial emerging power struggle can be observed in the blocks surrounding the Dry-Dock Pool. It is suspected by neighborhood residence and business owners that developers have been eyeing the prime stretch of waterfront real estate that runs along Avenue D for a while now, however there remains one epic hurdle preventing them from transforming the space into luxury condos or office space; nearly 9,000 people reside in the Lilian Wald and Jacob Riis houses. Although these plans of redevelopment are not official, residents fear that one day they will be forced out, with no affordable alternative. This worry is not contained to only Wald and Riis housing residents, it comes as part of a larger epidemic, and a New York City affordable housing shortage. “Citywide, there is an eight year waiting list for public housing,” Arlene Davila reveals in <i style="">Barrio Dreams, </i>“more than 224,000 households are waiting to receive Section 8 vouchers to subsidize their rents, while one quarter of New Yorkers spend more than half of their income on rent.” With a deep-rooted culture woven in this early immigrant neighborhood, huge concerns remain for residence, housing officials, and neighborhood prospects. This 'final frontier' of Lower Manhattan has created an explosive power dynamic, and perched amidst the debates, the Szold's pool remains a staple of the neighborhood and a forced meeting-place for new and old residents alike.<br /><br /><o:p><span style="font-style: italic;">- Stephanie Hurley and Sienna Lee</span><br /><br /></o:p><b style=""><span style="">Sources:<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Daivila, Arlene. <i style="">Barrio Dreams: Puerto Rican, Latinos, and the Neoliberal City. </i>Page 29.<i style=""> </i>Berkeley and Los Angeles, California. University of California Press, 2004. Paperback. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Gates, Jennifer A. <i style="">Strangers in New York: Ethnic tourism as commodity, spectacle, and urban leisure in three Manhattan neighborhoods. </i><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style=";font-family:";" ><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:times new roman;">Martinez, Miranda J. </span></span><i style=""><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:times new roman;">The struggle for gardens: Puerto Ricans, redevelopment, and the negotiation of difference in a changing community.</span></span><o:p></o:p></i></span></p> <!--EndFragment--> <!--EndFragment--> <!--EndFragment--> <!--EndFragment-->WChttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07219312338259790076noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3462469174246040076.post-34357107735727766062009-12-10T09:08:00.000-08:002009-12-10T09:17:48.476-08:00Fordham Road, Bronx<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhh6Bzpoje2YfTPdxc_Uv553Ar4K4MV_bUF_Ip-EO-7KPVjo_O9kpX1Wsoe9o65MzsexKlCDe4fzvXcmdru6Ie-Yyc2g3VfhCsfNqy7_7vzfT_doXhM0tRsNLAFLnBnXkfdKHHPoOsv4rw/s1600-h/Fordham+Road+1.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 235px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhh6Bzpoje2YfTPdxc_Uv553Ar4K4MV_bUF_Ip-EO-7KPVjo_O9kpX1Wsoe9o65MzsexKlCDe4fzvXcmdru6Ie-Yyc2g3VfhCsfNqy7_7vzfT_doXhM0tRsNLAFLnBnXkfdKHHPoOsv4rw/s320/Fordham+Road+1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5413654748337140930" border="0" /></a>
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font-family: times new roman;" href="http://www.nostalgictimewarp.com/bronx.html"><span style="color: rgb(51, 94, 175); text-decoration: none;">http://www.nostalgictimewarp.com/b</span></a></span></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhabufO9rpFurareCrVih4-avAWfwX7pm9uTJQVoE-DrGXuaP8xVMkevW4EKKJxMrAytVsaSOich-fXRfBNApyrbqx3HSV57sLoGW3WXawmDayCm2ZwRuOW5twSGWrRM74hmBUZYo8NCKw/s1600-h/Fordham+Road+3.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhabufO9rpFurareCrVih4-avAWfwX7pm9uTJQVoE-DrGXuaP8xVMkevW4EKKJxMrAytVsaSOich-fXRfBNApyrbqx3HSV57sLoGW3WXawmDayCm2ZwRuOW5twSGWrRM74hmBUZYo8NCKw/s320/Fordham+Road+3.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5413657910524774978" border="0" /></a><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" ><span style="font-size:78%;"><a style="font-style: italic; font-family: times new roman;" href="http://www.nostalgictimewarp.com/bronx.html"><span style="color: rgb(51, 94, 175); text-decoration: none;">ronx.html</span></a><span style="font-style: italic;font-family:times new roman;" >> 2)</span></span></span><meta name="Title" content=""><span style="font-size:78%;"><span style="font-style: italic;font-family:times new roman;" > </span></span><meta name="Keywords" content=""> <meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> <meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"> <meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 2008"> <meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 2008"> <link style="font-style: italic; font-family: times new roman;" rel="File-List" href="file://localhost/Users/wendycheng/Library/Caches/TemporaryItems/msoclip/0/clip_filelist.xml"> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:documentproperties> <o:template>Normal.dotm</o:Template> <o:revision>0</o:Revision> <o:totaltime>0</o:TotalTime> <o:pages>1</o:Pages> <o:words>31</o:Words> <o:characters>181</o:Characters> <o:company>nyu</o:Company> <o:lines>1</o:Lines> <o:paragraphs>1</o:Paragraphs> <o:characterswithspaces>222</o:CharactersWithSpaces> <o:version>12.0</o:Version> </o:DocumentProperties> <o:officedocumentsettings> <o:allowpng/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves>false</w:TrackMoves> <w:trackformatting/> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:drawinggridhorizontalspacing>18 pt</w:DrawingGridHorizontalSpacing> <w:drawinggridverticalspacing>18 pt</w:DrawingGridVerticalSpacing> <w:displayhorizontaldrawinggridevery>0</w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery> <w:displayverticaldrawinggridevery>0</w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> <w:dontautofitconstrainedtables/> <w:dontvertalignintxbx/> </w:Compatibility> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="276"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--> <style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:Calibri; panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:auto; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} @font-face {font-family:Cambria; panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:auto; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} @font-face {font-family:"Bookman Old Style"; panose-1:2 5 6 4 5 5 5 2 2 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:auto; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style> <!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;} </style> <![endif]--> <!--StartFragment--><span style="font-size:78%;"><span style="font-style: italic;font-family:times new roman;font-size:11pt;" >“Burned Out in the Bronx” photo by Sylvia Plachy, used within the article “Arson For Hire” by Joe Conason & Jack Newfield, June 2, 1980.</span><span style="font-style: italic;font-family:times new roman;font-size:12pt;" ><span style=""> </span><</span><span style="color: rgb(51, 94, 175); font-style: italic;font-family:times new roman;font-size:10pt;" >http://www.villagevoice.com/2005-10-18/specials/arson-for-hire/</span><span style="font-style: italic;font-family:times new roman;font-size:10pt;" >> 3)</span></span><span style=";font-family:";" ><span style="font-size:78%;"><span style="font-style: italic;font-family:times new roman;" > Fordham Road, present day (Stephanie Hurley)</span></span>
<br /></span><b style=""><span style=";font-family:";" >
<br />Address:</span></b><span style=";font-family:";" > Fordham Road, Bronx, New York 10458<b style=""><o:p></o:p></b></span><b style=""><span style=";font-family:";" ><o:p>
<br />
<br /></o:p>Directions:</span></b><span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style=";font-family:";" >Take the uptown 4, B or D trains to the Fordham Road station.
<br />
<br /><b style=""><o:p></o:p></b></span> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style=";font-family:";" > </span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style=";font-family:";" > Fordham Road, located in the Bronx, stretches from the east to the west, spanning from the Harlem River to Bronx Park. It is also the site of the largest retail strip mall in the borough, boasting vast numbers of inexpensive shops, stores and eateries. The street is crowded, always bustling with vibrant life, shoppers anxious for clothing and other cheap hip-hop oriented apparel.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="">
<br /><span style="font-family:Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style=";font-family:";" > Today, Fordham Road is a beacon of cheap street culture, available for purchase to anyone willing to deal with the noisy crowd. But from the late 1960s to mid 1980s, it was a location that was known more for its theaters, shops and entertainment. Amongst “the tiny triangular oases along Fordham Road, old men and women sat and chatted. Kids played in the dirt and scraggly grass. Conversations and chance encounters were the norm, not the coldly efficient consumer rituals of suburbanized city spaces” (Gonzales). The locale has since shifted from a place of community bonding to a symbol of community decline, marked by the low-quality merchandise and dirty, crowded surroundings.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="">
<br /><span style="font-family:Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style=";font-family:";" > Perhaps most interestingly--and the main reason this site was chosen--is the fact that it was here, along Fordham Road, where a line of demarcation was drawn, a line which activists vowed would not be traversed by the arson incidents that ravaged the South Bronx during this tumultuous historical moment—“the line where [they] vowed the blight would stop” (Gonzales). Arson specifically "refers to the intentional destruction of property by fire" (Brady 2). During the mid-1960s, “the number of structural fires began to rise rapidly in New York City, primarily in neighborhoods of overcrowded and under-maintained tenement housing” (Wallace 434). Arson fires in New York City were "heavily concentrated in the heavily black and Hispanic South Bronx district, which was gutted by more than 30,000 arson fires from 1970 to 1979" alone (Brady 4).</span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style=";font-family:";" > These intentional arson incidents were reactions to various different social stressors, including failing urban planning and government programs; the major causes of unrest within the South Bronx were reactionary. Such problems included the disorganized welfare system, which aided in the destruction and softening of the housing market as tenants were forced into rent delinquency for defaulting on inaccurate welfare rent grants, as well as the increase of the population of racial minorities such as Blacks and Latinos, which forced whites to leave for fear of property values declining (Glazer 273). The production of more low-income housing and the rise of crime left landlords and tenants angry and desperate. Thus, the "arson-for-profit schemes" began as a result of racial, housing and governmental programming issues, and hundreds of people were displaced as buildings were set ablaze in order to benefit the landlords and corrupt government officials who would then collect the insurance payments. The poverty-stricken tenants of the lower-income housing in general simply could not provide enough profit.</span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style=";font-family:";" > Yet, Fordham Road is where the cry for help was answered. The arsons never spread past the snaking strip of shops, preventing further fire damage to the buildings--and residents--of the area of the Bronx above it. The road stands as a testament to the destruction and flawed policy of the South Bronx, and a barrier between it and the Northern, more privileged Bronx space.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="">
<br /><span style="font-family:Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style=";font-family:";" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-style: italic;"><span style=";font-family:";" ><o:p>- Stephanie Hurley and Sienna Lee</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style=";font-family:";" ><o:p>
<br /></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><b style=""><span style=";font-family:";" >Sources:</span></b><b style=""><span style="font-family:Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style=";font-family:";" > </span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style=";font-family:";" >Brady, James. Arson, Urban Economy, and Organized Crime: The Case of Boston. Social Problems, Vol. 31, No. 1 (Oct., 1983), pp. 1-27. University of California Press.</span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style=";font-family:";" > </span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style=";font-family:";" >Glazer, Nathan, The South-Bronx Story: An Extreme Case of <span style=""></span>Neighborhood Decline , Policy Studies Journal, 16:2 (1987:Winter)</span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style=";font-family:";" > </span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style=";font-family:";" >Wallace, Rodrick. Fire Service Productivity and the New York City Fire Crisis: 1968-1979, Human Ecology, Vol. 9, No. 4 (Dec. 1981), pp. 433-464<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-family:Arial;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style=";font-family:";" >Gonzales, David. "Fordham Road, Where the Blight Stopped". NY Times<span style=""> </span>City Room Blog.</span><span style="font-family:Arial;"> </span><span style=";font-family:";" >September 21, 2009.</span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:10pt;" > <<span style="color: rgb(51, 94, 175);">http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/09/21/fordham-road-where-the-blight-stopped</span>></span><span style="font-family:Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <!--EndFragment--> <!--EndFragment--> <!--EndFragment--> <!--EndFragment--> WChttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07219312338259790076noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3462469174246040076.post-71062280375845285762009-12-10T08:50:00.000-08:002009-12-10T08:58:01.555-08:00Times Square<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgS0jjPErJCK5B5pvr639p4ffS0j1AtFQI64sCKY_3mnUUpy6S9naWSfyPU8X_bU97eT3ANQyvRgxO-2ZGZk3rrY8JwMXBgd-vS73K_VzySoSuUwZg4mDFMxZrW4fQqH9VUH4AyK9B2egA/s1600-h/Times_Square_1920_1.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 208px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgS0jjPErJCK5B5pvr639p4ffS0j1AtFQI64sCKY_3mnUUpy6S9naWSfyPU8X_bU97eT3ANQyvRgxO-2ZGZk3rrY8JwMXBgd-vS73K_VzySoSuUwZg4mDFMxZrW4fQqH9VUH4AyK9B2egA/s320/Times_Square_1920_1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5413651171136500402" border="0" /></a>
<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgepJYodRiO85Km89TB4mkjCkmxa32cvziEbIawFQnLBjopQvcezjazbDphmchTHkXlT6gOjGCVX1aLXHXCYkgT4wXo4NjqxgCq8fsfOZWSs9s0OsHASJgPjPh8zs_SSkGPzLkoBQgAWg/s1600-h/Times_Square_1970_2.jpg.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 218px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgepJYodRiO85Km89TB4mkjCkmxa32cvziEbIawFQnLBjopQvcezjazbDphmchTHkXlT6gOjGCVX1aLXHXCYkgT4wXo4NjqxgCq8fsfOZWSs9s0OsHASJgPjPh8zs_SSkGPzLkoBQgAWg/s320/Times_Square_1970_2.jpg.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5413651164320496786" border="0" /></a>
<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEn2P20iMLuFiATQGEgOQZJQfCNARdObl8NC4VviFV1Znr6BUb05i-mj9kSxwb7Lt5BWvIpVfZBaMLYB0ws91JqmyG1GBLcmq4r2ye01iOLKexgrYYFddi0pwDl6J3Ey5AdyXXAdIMLeY/s1600-h/Times_Square_present_3.jpg.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEn2P20iMLuFiATQGEgOQZJQfCNARdObl8NC4VviFV1Znr6BUb05i-mj9kSxwb7Lt5BWvIpVfZBaMLYB0ws91JqmyG1GBLcmq4r2ye01iOLKexgrYYFddi0pwDl6J3Ey5AdyXXAdIMLeY/s320/Times_Square_present_3.jpg.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5413651161424733458" border="0" /></a> <meta name="Title" content=""> <meta name="Keywords" content=""> <meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> <meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"> <meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 2008"> <meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 2008"> <link rel="File-List" href="file://localhost/Users/wendycheng/Library/Caches/TemporaryItems/msoclip/0/clip_filelist.xml"> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:documentproperties> <o:template>Normal.dotm</o:Template> <o:revision>0</o:Revision> <o:totaltime>0</o:TotalTime> <o:pages>1</o:Pages> <o:words>95</o:Words> <o:characters>543</o:Characters> <o:company>nyu</o:Company> <o:lines>4</o:Lines> <o:paragraphs>1</o:Paragraphs> <o:characterswithspaces>666</o:CharactersWithSpaces> <o:version>12.0</o:Version> </o:DocumentProperties> <o:officedocumentsettings> <o:allowpng/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves>false</w:TrackMoves> <w:trackformatting/> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:drawinggridhorizontalspacing>18 pt</w:DrawingGridHorizontalSpacing> <w:drawinggridverticalspacing>18 pt</w:DrawingGridVerticalSpacing> <w:displayhorizontaldrawinggridevery>0</w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery> <w:displayverticaldrawinggridevery>0</w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> <w:dontautofitconstrainedtables/> <w:dontvertalignintxbx/> </w:Compatibility> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="276"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--> <style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:Calibri; 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mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;} </style> <![endif]--> <!--StartFragment--> <p style="font-style: italic;font-family:times new roman;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:78%;">1) A view of Times Square in the 1920s (Thevillager.com). 2)<b style=""><o:p></o:p></b><span style=""> </span>1970 saw Times Square as one of the centers of the gay and sex cultures in NYC surpassing its predecessor, Union Square.<span style=""> </span>Sex shops, peep shows, sex theater houses, drug deals and gay and straight prostitution canvassed the landscape of Times Square make the area one of the most “dangerous” neighborhoods of NYC (The Villager.com). 3)<span style=""> </span>Tourists seen taking a picture with the Naked Cowboy.<span style=""> </span>Today, tourists can enjoy the sights, thriving street culture as well as the theater cultures of NYC (Grayson Maldonado and Dalue Song).</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"> <meta name="Title" content=""> <meta name="Keywords" content=""> <meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; 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margin:.8in .8in .8in .8in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style> <!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;} </style> <![endif]--> <!--StartFragment--> </p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst"><span style="font-family:Times;">
<br /></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-family:Times;">Times Square is one of the iconic sites of New York City, as it is home to the unforgettable theaters and upscale hotels. However, Times Square was not always the neon-flashing epicenter that it is known today – its sordid past lays in the underground yet mainstream culture of the commodification of sex, drugs, and prostitution. Urban renewal in this grandiose yet crucial space throughout the decades has been significant.<o:p> </o:p>“In order to bring about this redevelopment, the city has instituted not only a violent reconfiguration of its own landscape but also a legal and moral revamping of its own discursive structures, changing laws about sex, health and zoning, in the course of which it has been willing, and even anxious, to exploit everything from homophobia and AIDS to family values and fear of drugs.”<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn1" name="_ftnref" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[1]<!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p>
<br />
<br /></o:p>At the turn of the century and during the Roaring 20s, Times Square was part of the “Tenderloin” districts of NYC – one of the most desirable lands of the city.<span style=""> </span>Yet, during this time, corruption, gambling and prostitution were rampant and specific blocks became known for erotic and criminal activities.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn2" name="_ftnref" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[2]<!--[endif]--></span></span></a> During the 1920s, Times Square, already known as the market for female prostitution, became also known as the city’s center for male prostitution. This aspect of gay culture catered to customers in two ways – 1) transgendered-looking “fairy prostitutes” attracted tourists and members of the German and Italian communities and 2) more sophisticated prostitutes solicited middle-class gay businessmen.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn3" name="_ftnref" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[3]<!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style=""> </span>Thus, city class elites secretly came into the promiscuous space to take part in the counternormative culture – a practice known as slumming.<span style=""> </span>In this way, many elites were able to successfully live with double standards.<o:p>
<br />
<br />By the 1970s and 1980s, </o:p>gay culture was still thriving during this era.<span style=""> </span>However, more “static” establishments, such as sex shops, porn stores, and massage parlors, proliferated during this period. However, this licentious space faced almost no legal opposition from the government. As a result, this environment of hypersexuality and rampant drug abuse significantly devalued the surrounding real estates.</span>
<br />
<br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Present: “Disneyland NYC”
<br />
<br /></span><span style="font-family:Times;">The Forty-second Street Development Project, which included the Walt Disney Company, started an aggressive campaign to revamp the neighborhood’s image by getting rid of the city’s undesirables (gays, drug addicts, homeless).<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftn4" name="_ftnref" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[4]<!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style=""> </span>Police were stationed everywhere to surveillance immoral, indecent and vagrant activities.<span style=""> </span>Furthermore, an immediate crackdown of gay sexual outlets and drug users was initiated due to the AIDS epidemic of the 1980s. <o:p></o:p>
<br />
<br />Today, the results of the Forty-second Street Development Project are evident as the entire district has been transformed: gone are the sex shops and drug parlors, in are the fancy restaurants and family-friendly entertainment arenas. The “city-culture” appeal has seemingly turned Times Square into a theme park. Meanwhile, the few adult stores and 25cent peep shows that still linger have been relegated to outside of the Times Square area and are thus away from modernity and decency.
<br />
<br /><span style="font-style: italic;">- Grayson Maldonado and Dalue (Roy) Song</span><o:p style="font-style: italic;"></o:p></span></p> <div style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->
<br /> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%"> <!--[endif]--> <div style="" id="ftn"> <p class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpFirst"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:Calibri;font-size:9pt;" ><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[1]<!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style=";font-family:Calibri;font-size:9pt;" > Delany, Samuel. Times Square Red, Times Square Blue. New York: NYU Press, 1999. xiv.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn"> <p class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:Calibri;font-size:9pt;" ><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[2]<!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style=";font-family:Calibri;font-size:9pt;" > Gilfoyle, Timothy J. City of Eros: New York City, Prostitution and the Commercialization of Sex. W.W. Norton & Co., 1994.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn"> <p class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:Calibri;font-size:9pt;" ><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[3]<!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style=";font-family:Calibri;font-size:9pt;" > Chauncey, George. <i>Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890-1940</i>. Basic Books, 1995.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn"> <p class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpLast"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do#_ftnref" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:Calibri;font-size:9pt;" ><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[4]<!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style=";font-family:Calibri;font-size:9pt;" > Gilfoyle, Timothy J. City of Eros: New York City, Prostitution and the Commercialization of Sex. W.W. Norton & Co., 1994.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> </div> <!--EndFragment--> <p></p> <!--EndFragment--> WChttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07219312338259790076noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3462469174246040076.post-79791279275329693332009-12-10T08:42:00.001-08:002009-12-10T08:49:26.913-08:00Rockaway Beach<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEehnh-CM4PzxWbsOmBlchD8ZhMgIbcwvQJAta96eXzhjM2qANM92BqXF92AmyjJsSHNIGbSNSRxsQ3WGBw202MSVZAM3JUi9khbNP5OOCw6kLHOieNSxVfFPemTmoR0UQmRZ5yxSSh_U/s1600-h/Rockaway_Beach_1993_1.jpg.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 239px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEehnh-CM4PzxWbsOmBlchD8ZhMgIbcwvQJAta96eXzhjM2qANM92BqXF92AmyjJsSHNIGbSNSRxsQ3WGBw202MSVZAM3JUi9khbNP5OOCw6kLHOieNSxVfFPemTmoR0UQmRZ5yxSSh_U/s320/Rockaway_Beach_1993_1.jpg.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5413648996387504066" border="0" /></a>
<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidrsTgKI25VIl6-tHgRsaV_fFGapHVkcDhVcKDG4DQA_zSLSRsAS1KvZRaBNr06xHpOtDvr5kMfeOmBxq48x7AI01M2r9lE69kkgY6Hq07SPR0edgtigBFeqes7jG78yx0xUfkkgiYnKA/s1600-h/Rockaway_Beach_1993_2.jpg.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 239px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidrsTgKI25VIl6-tHgRsaV_fFGapHVkcDhVcKDG4DQA_zSLSRsAS1KvZRaBNr06xHpOtDvr5kMfeOmBxq48x7AI01M2r9lE69kkgY6Hq07SPR0edgtigBFeqes7jG78yx0xUfkkgiYnKA/s320/Rockaway_Beach_1993_2.jpg.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5413648991425920706" border="0" /></a>
<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEIQwNM7reG0yD5LUj9n-Ou0XbSxNWToUzM-4Qed_G-ix9Xk_zQKxXMMCLwLSeWUcIv5EtVieybhVkwzNz2h5z207VSiOxiKbx2ru8-J4kRL6YLWABYeeZ8yU1dQ0kZQGFnTD13xB4-s0/s1600-h/Rockaway_Beach_present_3.jpg.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEIQwNM7reG0yD5LUj9n-Ou0XbSxNWToUzM-4Qed_G-ix9Xk_zQKxXMMCLwLSeWUcIv5EtVieybhVkwzNz2h5z207VSiOxiKbx2ru8-J4kRL6YLWABYeeZ8yU1dQ0kZQGFnTD13xB4-s0/s320/Rockaway_Beach_present_3.jpg.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5413648994646237794" border="0" /></a><span style="font-size:78%;"><span style="font-style: italic;">1) </span></span><meta name="Keywords" content=""> <meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> <meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"> <meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 2008"> <meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 2008"> <link style="font-style: italic;" rel="File-List" href="file://localhost/Users/wendycheng/Library/Caches/TemporaryItems/msoclip/0/clip_filelist.xml"> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:documentproperties> <o:template>Normal.dotm</o:Template> <o:revision>0</o:Revision> <o:totaltime>0</o:TotalTime> <o:pages>1</o:Pages> <o:words>82</o:Words> <o:characters>471</o:Characters> <o:company>nyu</o:Company> <o:lines>3</o:Lines> <o:paragraphs>1</o:Paragraphs> <o:characterswithspaces>578</o:CharactersWithSpaces> <o:version>12.0</o:Version> </o:DocumentProperties> <o:officedocumentsettings> <o:allowpng/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves>false</w:TrackMoves> <w:trackformatting/> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:drawinggridhorizontalspacing>18 pt</w:DrawingGridHorizontalSpacing> <w:drawinggridverticalspacing>18 pt</w:DrawingGridVerticalSpacing> <w:displayhorizontaldrawinggridevery>0</w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery> <w:displayverticaldrawinggridevery>0</w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> <w:dontautofitconstrainedtables/> <w:dontvertalignintxbx/> </w:Compatibility> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="276"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--> <style> <!-- /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style> <!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--> <!--StartFragment--><span style="font-style: italic;font-size:78%;" >A FDNY firefighter is seen dragging a person out of the water to safety on the shore.<span style=""> </span>Many did not know how long they were on the vessel nor did they know whether or not they would be able to stay in the United States. June 7, 2008 (CBS 2 Classic). 2)<o:p></o:p></span><span style="font-style: italic;font-size:78%;" ><span> </span>The Golden Venture.<span style=""> </span>286 illegal Chinese immigrants as well as 13 members made the trek from Bangkok, Thailand to the United States on this vessel.<span style=""> </span>June 7, 2008 (CBS 2 Classic). 3)<o:p></o:p> A look at Rockaway Beach today (Grayson Maldonado and Dalue Song).</span><p class="MsoNormal"> <meta name="Title" content=""> <meta name="Keywords" content=""> <meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> <meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"> <meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 2008"> <meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 2008"> <link rel="File-List" href="file://localhost/Users/wendycheng/Library/Caches/TemporaryItems/msoclip/0/clip_filelist.xml"> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:documentproperties> <o:template>Normal.dotm</o:Template> <o:revision>0</o:Revision> <o:totaltime>0</o:TotalTime> <o:pages>1</o:Pages> <o:words>558</o:Words> <o:characters>3185</o:Characters> <o:company>nyu</o:Company> <o:lines>26</o:Lines> <o:paragraphs>6</o:Paragraphs> <o:characterswithspaces>3911</o:CharactersWithSpaces> <o:version>12.0</o:Version> </o:DocumentProperties> <o:officedocumentsettings> <o:allowpng/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves>false</w:TrackMoves> <w:trackformatting/> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:drawinggridhorizontalspacing>18 pt</w:DrawingGridHorizontalSpacing> <w:drawinggridverticalspacing>18 pt</w:DrawingGridVerticalSpacing> <w:displayhorizontaldrawinggridevery>0</w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery> <w:displayverticaldrawinggridevery>0</w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> <w:dontautofitconstrainedtables/> <w:dontvertalignintxbx/> </w:Compatibility> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="276"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--> <style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:Arial; 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font-family:Arial; mso-ascii-font-family:Arial; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; color:black; font-weight:bold;} span.FootnoteTextChar {mso-style-name:"Footnote Text Char"; mso-style-locked:yes; mso-style-link:"Footnote Text";} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:.8in .8in .8in .8in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} /* List Definitions */ @list l0 {mso-list-id:1563175522; mso-list-template-ids:407515888;} @list l0:level1 {mso-level-number-format:bullet; mso-level-text:; mso-level-tab-stop:.5in; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-.25in; mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Symbol;} ol {margin-bottom:0in;} ul {margin-bottom:0in;} --> </style> <!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;} </style> <![endif]--> <!--StartFragment--> </p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style=""><span style="">Location:</span></b></span><span style="font-size:100%;"> Fort Tilden, Queens, 193<sup>rd</sup> Street and Rockaway Point Blvd<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style=""><span style="">Directions:</span></b></span><span style="font-size:100%;"> A Train </span><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="">to</span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"> Broad Channel, S Shuttle </span><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="">to</span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"> Rockaway Park, walk/cab </span><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="">to</span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"> Destination<o:p></o:p></span></p> <span style="font-style: italic;font-family:times new roman;font-size:100%;" >
<br /></span> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">On Sunday, June 6<sup>th</sup>1993, a cargo ship, <i style="">Golden Venture,</i> ran aground on a sandbar off Rockaway Beach in Queens when it attempted to smuggle more than 300 illegal Chinese immigrants (mostly from Fujian Province) into the United States, killing a few and the rest were captured. Many of the immigrants had paid up to thirty thousand dollars for this passage. Since the start of the year, more than 1,800 illegal Chinese immigrants had already been detained by U.S. Immigration. However, this particularly shocking event brought further attention to the greater issue of illegal immigration.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=3462469174246040076&postID=7979127927532969333#_ftn1" name="_ftnref" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[1]
<br />
<br /></span></span></a>This incident reflected the era of immigration reform which would be brought forth by the government under President Bill Clinton. During the 1990s, the U.S. was already under a decade of massive legal and illegal immigration. Before the <i style="">Golden Venture</i> accident, the nation was already caught up in a major wave of anti-immigrant sentiment due to the World Trade Center bombing (February 1993) and the shooting outside CIA headquarters (January 1993). Furthermore, California was hit hard in the recent recession and an outpouring of anti-immigrant feeling was created in the West (culminated in the passing of Proposition 187 in 1994 – </span><span lang="EN" style="font-size:100%;">prohibited illegal immigrants from using various public services in California, but later found unconstitutional)</span><span style="font-size:100%;">.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=3462469174246040076&postID=7979127927532969333#_ftn2" name="_ftnref" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[2]<!--[endif]--></span></span></a> In all, there was a lingering fear that America would be overrun by foreigners and terrorists.
<br />
<br />With the embellishment by the media, Golden Venture became a metaphor for the failure of U.S. immigration policy. In combination with preceding events as well as the soon Oklahoma City bombing in 1995, the government faced pressure to strengthen immigration policies, and in particular,</span><span style="font-size:100%;"> political asylum rights. </span><span style="font-size:100%;">Thus, the <i style="">Golden Venture</i> survivors quickly became a test case for harsh new policies. It was the starting point for a new era of restrictive measures: blanket detention, rushed hearings, and express-lane deportation of survivors to autocratic countries (i.e. China and Thailand) where torture and public execution were accepted. Many passengers were locked up without amnesty rights in INS-contracted county jails outside New York.<o:p></o:p>
<br />
<br />Furthermore, the government passed various laws to strengthen and reform immigration policies. One of the most important laws passed was the 1996 Immigration Acts, which included the<strong> Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act </strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">and the</span> Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act. </strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">The former made deportation mandatory for all legal permanent</span> </strong>residents sentenced to a year or more for “aggravated felonies,” or “moral turpitude”. This act, along with <strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">the latter</span></strong>, made deportation of legal non-residents faster and more frequent by becoming stricter on minor criminal offenses. <strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">Other acts, such as the</span> Personal Responsibility/Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act</strong> and the <strong>Human Rights Restoration Act of 1996</strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></strong> also limited immigrant rights and benefits.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=3462469174246040076&postID=7979127927532969333#_ftn3" name="_ftnref" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[3]<!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">
<br /></span></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">In <strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">1997, President Clinton, in response to political oppositions,</span> </strong>pardoned 53 jailed <i style="">Golden Venture</i><i style="">Golden Venture</i> passengers live in the U.S. Many of them are trapped in stateless limbo and are isolated from their families. While technically “legal”, they are still subject to sudden deportation.</span> survivors. However, he did not grant them legal status. Today, about 220 </p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">
<br /></span></p><p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-style: italic;font-size:100%;" >- Grayson Maldonado and Dalue (Roy) Song</span><span style="font-size:100%;">
<br /><o:p></o:p></span></p> <div style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span style="font-size:100%;">
<br /></span> <hr style="height: 3px;font-family:times new roman;font-size:78%;" align="left" width="33%"> <!--[endif]--> <div id="ftn" style="font-family:times new roman;"> <p class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=3462469174246040076&postID=7979127927532969333#_ftnref" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[1]<!--[endif]--></span></span></a></span><span style="font-size:100%;"> <span style="">Pringle, P. (1993, June 7). <i>The Independent</i>. Retrieved December 4, 2009, from Immigrants Die In Shipwreck: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/immigrants-die-in-us-shipwreck-chinese-trying-to-enter-the-country-illegally-drown-as-they-swim-ashore-1490129.html</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn" style="font-family:times new roman;"> <p class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=3462469174246040076&postID=7979127927532969333#_ftnref" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[2]<!--[endif]--></span></span></a></span><span style="font-size:100%;"> <span style="">Espiritu, Y. L. (2003). Homes, Borders, and Possibilities. In Y. L. Espiritu, <i>Homebound: Filipino American Lives Across Cultures, Communties, and Countries</i> (pp. 206, 210). Berkeley: UC Press.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size:100%;"><a style="font-family: times new roman;" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=3462469174246040076&postID=7979127927532969333#_ftnref" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[3]<!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a></span><span style="line-height: 115%;font-size:9pt;" ><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:times new roman;"> </span></span><span style=";font-family:times new roman;font-size:100%;" >Mills, N. (1999). Introduction: The Era of the Golden Venture. In <i>Arguing Immigration: The Debate over the Changing Face of America</i> (pp. 11-30). New York: Touchstone.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> </div> <!--EndFragment--> <p></p> <!--EndFragment--> WChttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07219312338259790076noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3462469174246040076.post-61074788879727841952009-12-10T08:34:00.001-08:002009-12-10T08:50:28.719-08:00Bryant Park<span style="font-size:100%;"><a style="font-family: times new roman;" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxfbx4ZHRk1vfk4cOxLcBIexjLdQSOgYAg_mNVzE69m9XqMcKgoBMdCMOleCZoadRLUrfLYaHlvrtWBiCFnQYDsVBdg9_8Pyu9XtgGYJ4HnVz-GS1ehPFfDCRYzdSNC3mIKIFFgMC442Y/s1600-h/Bryant_Park_1930_1.jpg.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 201px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxfbx4ZHRk1vfk4cOxLcBIexjLdQSOgYAg_mNVzE69m9XqMcKgoBMdCMOleCZoadRLUrfLYaHlvrtWBiCFnQYDsVBdg9_8Pyu9XtgGYJ4HnVz-GS1ehPFfDCRYzdSNC3mIKIFFgMC442Y/s320/Bryant_Park_1930_1.jpg.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5413646881686975810" border="0" /></a>
<br /><a style="font-family: times new roman;" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6IihnQiiAKe1oSwJsGzrK2dMzJW2jia8mSbDkAyaaw-4i-zXBXo_F1GBgi1eFY9b0PQ6k84auaDE0GW-6q2XxmYVQO63cUqzNa0KpZ8JoqYUOISkq17-ZaoDrzegNyWN3hPjy6sPYhI8/s1600-h/Bryan_Park_1970_2.jpg.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 237px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6IihnQiiAKe1oSwJsGzrK2dMzJW2jia8mSbDkAyaaw-4i-zXBXo_F1GBgi1eFY9b0PQ6k84auaDE0GW-6q2XxmYVQO63cUqzNa0KpZ8JoqYUOISkq17-ZaoDrzegNyWN3hPjy6sPYhI8/s320/Bryan_Park_1970_2.jpg.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5413646877388086322" border="0" /></a>
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font-style: italic;" rel="File-List" href="file://localhost/Users/wendycheng/Library/Caches/TemporaryItems/msoclip/0/clip_filelist.xml"> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:documentproperties> <o:template>Normal.dotm</o:Template> <o:revision>0</o:Revision> <o:totaltime>0</o:TotalTime> <o:pages>1</o:Pages> <o:words>101</o:Words> <o:characters>576</o:Characters> <o:company>nyu</o:Company> <o:lines>4</o:Lines> <o:paragraphs>1</o:Paragraphs> <o:characterswithspaces>707</o:CharactersWithSpaces> <o:version>12.0</o:Version> </o:DocumentProperties> <o:officedocumentsettings> <o:allowpng/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves>false</w:TrackMoves> <w:trackformatting/> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:drawinggridhorizontalspacing>18 pt</w:DrawingGridHorizontalSpacing> <w:drawinggridverticalspacing>18 pt</w:DrawingGridVerticalSpacing> <w:displayhorizontaldrawinggridevery>0</w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery> <w:displayverticaldrawinggridevery>0</w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> <w:dontautofitconstrainedtables/> <w:dontvertalignintxbx/> </w:Compatibility> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="276"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--> <style> <!-- /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style> <!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--> <!--StartFragment--> <p style="font-style: italic;font-family:times new roman;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:78%;">1)<span style=""> </span>An Overview of Bryant Park in the 1930s. 1934 (Bryantpark.org). 2)<o:p></o:p><span style=""> </span>A homeless man is seen burning garbage within Bryant Park provides a stark contrast to the area surrounding Bryant Park.<span style=""> </span>However, due to the city remolding during this era, people were completely unaware of the activities going on within the park which allowed rampant drug use, prostitution and homeless to inhabit the park. 1970 (City Journal). <span style=""></span><span style="">3) </span>What Bryant Park looks like today.<span style=""> </span>The current condition of Bryant Park is thanks to the efforts of the Bryant Park Restoration Corporation<span style=""> </span>(Grayson Maldonado and Dalue Song, 2009).</span></p><p style="font-family: times new roman;" class="MsoNormal"> <meta name="Title" content=""> <meta name="Keywords" content=""> <meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> <meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"> <meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 2008"> <meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 2008"> <link rel="File-List" href="file://localhost/Users/wendycheng/Library/Caches/TemporaryItems/msoclip/0/clip_filelist.xml"> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:documentproperties> <o:template>Normal.dotm</o:Template> <o:revision>0</o:Revision> <o:totaltime>0</o:TotalTime> <o:pages>1</o:Pages> <o:words>16</o:Words> <o:characters>92</o:Characters> <o:company>nyu</o:Company> <o:lines>1</o:Lines> <o:paragraphs>1</o:Paragraphs> <o:characterswithspaces>112</o:CharactersWithSpaces> <o:version>12.0</o:Version> </o:DocumentProperties> <o:officedocumentsettings> <o:allowpng/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves>false</w:TrackMoves> <w:trackformatting/> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:drawinggridhorizontalspacing>18 pt</w:DrawingGridHorizontalSpacing> <w:drawinggridverticalspacing>18 pt</w:DrawingGridVerticalSpacing> <w:displayhorizontaldrawinggridevery>0</w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery> <w:displayverticaldrawinggridevery>0</w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> <w:dontautofitconstrainedtables/> <w:dontvertalignintxbx/> </w:Compatibility> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="276"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--> <style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:Arial; 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mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style> <!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--> <!--StartFragment--> </p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; font-family: times new roman;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style=""><span style="font-size:12pt;">Location:</span></b><span style="font-size:12pt;"> Bounded by Fifth and Sixth Avenues & 40th and 42nd Streets<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; font-family: times new roman;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b style=""><span style="font-size:12pt;">Directions:</span></b><span style="font-size:12pt;"> B, D, F, V Train </span><span style="font-size:12pt;"><span style="">to</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt;"> Bryant Park<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <!--EndFragment--> <p style="font-family: times new roman;"></p><p style="font-family: times new roman;" class="MsoNormal"> <meta name="Title" content=""> <meta name="Keywords" content=""> <meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> <meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"> <meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 2008"> <meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 2008"> <link rel="File-List" href="file://localhost/Users/wendycheng/Library/Caches/TemporaryItems/msoclip/0/clip_filelist.xml"> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:documentproperties> <o:template>Normal.dotm</o:Template> <o:revision>0</o:Revision> <o:totaltime>0</o:TotalTime> <o:pages>1</o:Pages> <o:words>552</o:Words> <o:characters>3147</o:Characters> <o:company>nyu</o:Company> <o:lines>26</o:Lines> <o:paragraphs>6</o:Paragraphs> <o:characterswithspaces>3864</o:CharactersWithSpaces> <o:version>12.0</o:Version> </o:DocumentProperties> <o:officedocumentsettings> <o:allowpng/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves>false</w:TrackMoves> <w:trackformatting/> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:drawinggridhorizontalspacing>18 pt</w:DrawingGridHorizontalSpacing> <w:drawinggridverticalspacing>18 pt</w:DrawingGridVerticalSpacing> <w:displayhorizontaldrawinggridevery>0</w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery> <w:displayverticaldrawinggridevery>0</w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> <w:dontautofitconstrainedtables/> <w:dontvertalignintxbx/> </w:Compatibility> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="276"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--> <style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:Arial; 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font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--> <!--StartFragment--> </p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><o:p>
<br /></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size:12pt;">During the Roaring 20s, Bryant Park was already a prostitution haven. The scene was trickled down from the city’s epicenter of prostitution, Times Square, just two avenues over.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=3462469174246040076&postID=6107478887972784195#_ftn1" name="_ftnref" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[1]<!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Then, the park was redesigned in 1933-1934 as a Great Depression public works project. The new park featured a lawn, hedges and later, an iron fence to separate the park from the surrounding city streets. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size:12pt;">In the 1970s, the expansion of NYC resulted in changes in the landscape surrounding Bryant Park as the construction of an above ground subway line running around the park created a public space virtually cut off from the surrounding city life. <span style=""> </span>A person could pass the park and be completely unaware of the activities within. This made it appealing for </span><span style="font-size:12pt;">drug dealers, prostitutes and the homeless. The park was nicknamed "Needle Park" due to profuse heroin use, and was considered a "no-go zone". Soon, Bryant Park was identified as a symbol of New York City’s decline.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><span style="font-size:12pt;">In 1980, The Bryant Park Restoration Corporation (changed to Bryant Park Corporation, BPC, in 2006) was founded by a group of prominent New Yorkers to attempting to improve the conditions of the park. The group included Dan Biederman (expert on urban/public space management), Andrew Heiskell (Chairman of Time, Inc.), and members of the Rockefeller family. Biederman was a strong proponent of the "Broken Windows Theory" and thus, his work implemented on Bryant Park could be seen as a reflection of this theory. The theory claims that as petty crimes and low-level anti-social behaviors are deterred, major crimes will be prevented as well because negative actions are easily “accumulatable” and have a tendency to trickle down.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=3462469174246040076&postID=6107478887972784195#_ftn2" name="_ftnref" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[2]<!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Therefore, the group immediately instituted a rigorous program to clean the park as well as created a private security staff to confront unlawful behavior. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size:12pt;">In addition, Biederman worked with William H. Whyte, an American sociologist and scholar of public space. They implemented two vital decisions which ultimately renewed this public space. First, they decided to place movable chairs in the park as they provide people with a sense of “empowerment”, allowing them to sit in whichever way they desire. Second, they decided to lower the park itself. Until 1988, Bryant Park had been elevated from the street and further isolated by tall hedges, a layout which fostered illegal activity. The 1988 renovation lowered the park to nearly street level and tore out the hedges. Interestingly, Biederman also demanded that the public restroom be renovated luxuriously because it was a way for visitors to gauge the cleanliness of the <i style="">general</i> environment. Moreover, Biederman believed that an important barometer of how safe a public space is perceived is the ratio of women to men in the attendance, as a 50-50 split between men and women is ideal. Therefore, he argued for bringing more feminine ideas and attractions into the park<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=3462469174246040076&postID=6107478887972784195#_ftn3" name="_ftnref" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[3]<!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size:12pt;">After a four-year effort, the park reopened in 1992 to widespread success, as the upscale atmosphere dramatically improved local office rents and occupancy rates. Today, the park provides restaurants, fancy concession kiosks, carousel, an open-air library, and a skating rink. In the 28 years since the renewal by the BPC, the park has become one of Manhattan’s most admired and most visited public sites. More importantly, it was a symbol of one of the greatest urban renewals, as New York Magazine called it "the BEST example".<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=3462469174246040076&postID=6107478887972784195#_ftn4" name="_ftnref" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[4]</span></span></a></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size:12pt;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=3462469174246040076&postID=6107478887972784195#_ftn4" name="_ftnref" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <div style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-style: italic;">- Grayson Maldonado and Dalue (Roy) Song</span>
<br />
<br /></span> <hr style="height: 3px;font-size:78%;" align="left" width="33%"> <!--[endif]--> <div style="" id="ftn"> <p class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=3462469174246040076&postID=6107478887972784195#_ftnref" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:9pt;"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[1]<!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:9pt;"> Chauncey, George. <i>Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890-1940</i>. Basic Books, 1995.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn"> <p class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=3462469174246040076&postID=6107478887972784195#_ftnref" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:9pt;"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[2]<!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:9pt;"> Wilson, James and Kelling, George. <i style="">Broken Windows: The Police and Neighborhood Safety</i>. </span><span style="font-size:9pt;">http://www.manhattan-institute.org/pdf/_atlantic_monthly-broken_windows.pdf. </span><span style="font-size:9pt;">Retrieved 12/04/2009.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=3462469174246040076&postID=6107478887972784195#_ftnref" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:9pt;"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[3]<!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:9pt;"> Malone, Karen. <i style="">Children, Youth and Sustainable Cities</i>. </span><span style="font-size:9pt;">Local Environment, Vol. 6, No. 1, 5–12, 2001. </span><span style="font-size:9pt;">http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/APCITY/UNPAN012799.pdf. Retrieved 12/04/2009.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=3462469174246040076&postID=6107478887972784195#_ftnref" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:9pt;"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[4]<!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><span style="font-size:100%;">"Best Example of Urban Renewal" New York Magazine December 20, 1993</span><span style="font-size:9pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> </div> <!--EndFragment--> <p></p> <!--EndFragment--> WChttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07219312338259790076noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3462469174246040076.post-45721372596863758112009-12-10T08:29:00.000-08:002009-12-10T08:32:41.275-08:00Harlem Hospital<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZ1dFNmOknmpJgimcJyd64wYzvwdzf28lRXnHIbxUHxxujRhIg8iG4w8VzRL0J1BLg5s_fchNMUkbeL_50z5Jb7UBM8arQbS4dKCNrWfwk0U8H8psFeBfhHZiys7L5ey8yx4Z5q6lkGt0/s1600-h/Harlem+Hospital,1926,+Schomburg+Exhibit.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 218px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZ1dFNmOknmpJgimcJyd64wYzvwdzf28lRXnHIbxUHxxujRhIg8iG4w8VzRL0J1BLg5s_fchNMUkbeL_50z5Jb7UBM8arQbS4dKCNrWfwk0U8H8psFeBfhHZiys7L5ey8yx4Z5q6lkGt0/s320/Harlem+Hospital,1926,+Schomburg+Exhibit.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5413645902436126738" border="0" /></a><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzLGvuTOVYLjYBzyl-mF6fiWwaylRrIr-yRF_VvzQM9_rWIomPUJz0KZ0rf4FXNQMuV5oNnotTmlzJyXNaQ90FilBk4Y8Fzl-uOaBuRvAERxIM8_vyK4Md92l74gTMeXQYIlBLfr2tmQU/s1600-h/Harlem+Hospital.+2009.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzLGvuTOVYLjYBzyl-mF6fiWwaylRrIr-yRF_VvzQM9_rWIomPUJz0KZ0rf4FXNQMuV5oNnotTmlzJyXNaQ90FilBk4Y8Fzl-uOaBuRvAERxIM8_vyK4Md92l74gTMeXQYIlBLfr2tmQU/s320/Harlem+Hospital.+2009.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5413645909996636418" border="0" /></a>
<br /> <meta name="Title" content=""> <meta name="Keywords" content=""> <meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> <meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"> <meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 2008"> <meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 2008"> <link rel="File-List" href="file://localhost/Users/wendycheng/Library/Caches/TemporaryItems/msoclip/0/clip_filelist.xml"> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:documentproperties> <o:template>Normal.dotm</o:Template> <o:revision>0</o:Revision> <o:totaltime>0</o:TotalTime> <o:pages>1</o:Pages> <o:words>467</o:Words> <o:characters>2667</o:Characters> <o:company>nyu</o:Company> <o:lines>22</o:Lines> <o:paragraphs>5</o:Paragraphs> <o:characterswithspaces>3275</o:CharactersWithSpaces> <o:version>12.0</o:Version> </o:DocumentProperties> <o:officedocumentsettings> <o:allowpng/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves>false</w:TrackMoves> <w:trackformatting/> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:drawinggridhorizontalspacing>18 pt</w:DrawingGridHorizontalSpacing> <w:drawinggridverticalspacing>18 pt</w:DrawingGridVerticalSpacing> <w:displayhorizontaldrawinggridevery>0</w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery> <w:displayverticaldrawinggridevery>0</w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> <w:dontautofitconstrainedtables/> <w:dontvertalignintxbx/> </w:Compatibility> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="276"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--> <style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:Calibri; panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:auto; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin-top:0in; margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:10.0pt; margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} p.MsoFootnoteText, li.MsoFootnoteText, div.MsoFootnoteText {mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-link:"Footnote Text Char"; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} span.MsoFootnoteReference {mso-style-noshow:yes; vertical-align:super;} span.FootnoteTextChar {mso-style-name:"Footnote Text Char"; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-locked:yes; mso-style-link:"Footnote Text"; mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style> <!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} </style> <![endif]--> <!--StartFragment--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >The racialization of disease can be seen in the association between tuberculosis and the African-American community in Harlem in the early 1900s. The notions of racial inferiority and black susceptibility to disease, in particular Tuberculosis, an air-borne disease that more commonly affects the lungs, worked in ways that further marginalized and inflicted dangerous stereotypes. Prior to the discovery of the bacteria in 1882, tuberculosis was perceived to be a disease of the upper class. With the increasing understanding of the transmission of the disease, not only did the bacteria become stigmatized and feared but the person who carried the illness.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=3462469174246040076&postID=4572137259686375811#_ftn1" name="_ftnref" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[1]<!--[endif]--></span></span></a> And along with this greater fear among the public, fueling racist thought and ideology, as a black physician states, there was "a malicious, unfavorable publicity...associated with tuberculosis among Negroes." In particular in Harlem, with the Great Migration of blacks to NYC, tuberculosis plagued the black community and the neighborhoods became a topic of racialized space and disease. The framing of the disease as a spot on a map paved the way for the Baltimore-inspired model of "Lung Block" interpretation of NYC blocks. <a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=3462469174246040076&postID=4572137259686375811#_ftn2" name="_ftnref" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[2]<!--[endif]--></span></span></a> The issue of "Lung Block" is not unique to the African-American community in Harlem, as Hernnan Biggs points out the outbreak of disease and the issue of surveillance to the tenements in Lower Manhattan among European immigrants.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=3462469174246040076&postID=4572137259686375811#_ftn3" name="_ftnref" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[3]<!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Dr. Samuel Roberts claims the process of representing a disease as a dot on a map "disassociates illness from [the] social process[es] that create health disparities."<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >Portraying the high level of prevalence of tuberculosis among the black community in Harlem as a public health phenomenon inherently aligned with racial susceptibility and personal behavior denies all structural and social processes. It takes the attention away from the real causes of proliferation of disease among a population. Poverty, residential segregation, and lack of adequate health care are at the root of the spread of disease among a community. Since tuberculosis is spread through close contact, residential segregation becomes a powerful institution in creating the ideal conditions of poverty that allow such dissemination of illness. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >Harlem hospital as an institution, founded in 1887, is a site where the suffering of people with tuberculosis is strongly felt as it cared for a lot of the population in the community. The hospital also inspired collective activism in the fight against the disease, racism, and poverty. As the healthcare facilities during the 1900’s were fairly inadequate in serving the community, the hospital with just 150 beds in 1907 became known as “the Morgue.” As members of the community, such as social workers and physicians, joined together to fight the disease, a more inclusive goal to improve public health took over discourse of change. Groups such as the New York Tuberculosis Association and the Harlem Tuberculosis and Education Committee were formed. Today, Tuberculosis is mainly a disease that plagues the poor in developing countries. It is interesting to see how the disease remains one embedded in poverty, and how in other communities issues of housing and healthcare still apply. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >
<br /><span style="font-style: italic;">- Olga Diaz and Elizabeth Perry</span>
<br /></span> <div style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->
<br /> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%"> <!--[endif]--> <div style="" id="ftn"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=3462469174246040076&postID=4572137259686375811#_ftnref" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";" ><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[1]<!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style=";font-family:";" > Calhoon, Claudia Marie. "Tuberculosis, Race, and the Delivery of Health Care in Harlem, 1922-1939." <i>Radical History Review </i>80, (2001): 101-19.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=3462469174246040076&postID=4572137259686375811#_ftnref" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";" ><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[2]<!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style=";font-family:";" > Samuel Kelton Roberts, Jr. <i>Infectious Fear: Politics, Disease, and the Health Effects of Segregation</i>. Studies in Social Medicine. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=3462469174246040076&postID=4572137259686375811#_ftnref" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";" ><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[3]<!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style=";font-family:";" > Biggs, Hermann M. "The Registration of Tuberculosis." <i>Philadelphia Medical Journal </i>6, no. 22 (1900): 1023-29.</span></p> </div> </div> <!--EndFragment--> WChttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07219312338259790076noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3462469174246040076.post-27410462106735128492009-12-10T08:26:00.000-08:002009-12-13T19:12:16.955-08:00Crown Heights - President Street and Utica Avenue<span style="font-size:100%;"><a style="font-family: times new roman;" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8Vfz8j5J-tRY4I5yGICbz6e6uIm1AtamT5b4rSjPuLeCg-kXMalz4oFTCMiiRDQJDZbbIFC1_oWcMl-8G7ENLaNKM_v7rmd19vl3WhbDCpwF9g0i8xiIVUF9YWTwhyphenhyphenLQk_o4FLaPoxqc/s1600-h/Crown+Heights+2009.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8Vfz8j5J-tRY4I5yGICbz6e6uIm1AtamT5b4rSjPuLeCg-kXMalz4oFTCMiiRDQJDZbbIFC1_oWcMl-8G7ENLaNKM_v7rmd19vl3WhbDCpwF9g0i8xiIVUF9YWTwhyphenhyphenLQk_o4FLaPoxqc/s320/Crown+Heights+2009.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5413645071944757618" border="0" /></a><a style="font-family: times new roman;" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigjOGqfHqzrDlmrQYuP08zhZPYUsn_QRVHKszIEfjGrDA8SN6MsyWdJ54_UNbuCPELRw29-acpqv3DPHlbD848W_rT_uxwgxpsUdnj6ZQH2gdRhmpOeQlwx25nrHi0_L6LwcU2vfmK_cU/s1600-h/Corner+of+accident.+2009.+President+St.+and+Utica+Ave..jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; 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mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} </style> <![endif]--> <!--StartFragment--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">On August 19, 1991, Yosef Lifsh, a Lubavitcher Jew, lost control of his car while driving through the intersection of President Street and Utica Avenue in Crown Heights, Brooklyn, hitting and killing a seven year-old boy of Caribbean descent as he was playing on the sidewalk with his cousin. This event sparked the Crown Heights Riot, lasting for three days, and resulting in the murder of Yankel Rosenbaum, a 29-year-old Lubavitcher Jew, at the hands of Lemrick Nelson, a 16-year-old boy of African descent. At the time of the riots Crown Heights was almost exclusively composed of three distinct ethnic groups, Caribbean Americans of African descent comprising about 50% of the population, African Americans about 39% and Lubavitcher Hasidic Jews about 11%.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=3462469174246040076&postID=2741046210673512849#_ftn1" name="_ftnref" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[1]<!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style=""> </span>During the riots, African-Americans and Caribbean-Americans were targeting the Lubavitcher community, destroying their property, attacking them physically, and abusing them verbally with hate speech, but media coverage of the event framed the story in racial terms as black/white tension rather than as the tension existing between these three distinct ethnic communities co-existing in the same space.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;font-family:times new roman;">
<br /><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style=""> </span>By describing the riot in racial terms and making the primary motivator for the race riot, journalists removed it from a more accurate cultural and spatial context.<span style=""> </span>As described by Omi and Winant, race is formed as a prime component of social relations in mainstream American society, therefore, it was considered commonsensical, albeit inaccurate, to interpret tensions within distinct ethnic groups as racial tensions.<span style=""> </span>Although the accident was the spark for the violence and property damage that took place, tensions had been rising in the neighborhood as a result of the social isolation between the Lubavitcher Jewish community and the Caribbean American and African-American communities, while confined within a tight physical space.<span style=""> </span>On top of that, the Jewish community had access to more community resources in visible ways to their neighbors as a result of the distribution by the City, the community's own initiative, and connections to other Jewish communities throughout the city.<span style=""> </span>For example, the Hatzolah Ambulance Service was one of the emergency response teams servicing the neighborhood and it was privately funded by the Hasidim of NYC and staffed by the Lubavitcher community; it was also the first response to arrive on the scene of the accident.<span style=""> </span>Because an angry crowd had surrounded Lifsh when the team arrived, they removed him from the scene before attending to the boy beneath his car. Although the team did not act inappropriately, this was interpreted by the Caribbean and African-American communities as an example of the emergency service prioritizing the Jewish members of the community over the other members, fueling their anger rather than dissipating it.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;font-family:times new roman;">
<br /><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style=""> </span>No amount of context can excuse the violence and anti-Semitism of the Crown Heights Riot, however, even this small amount of context, which is not the whole story, makes the events more understandable.<span style=""> </span>The racialization of the riot in the media made the story more legible to American society, with its strict racial formations, but less truthful, and turned this story into another perpetuation of American racial ideology. As a result of the riots, several activist groups and community initiatives were started in order to bring these clashing co-existing groups together. “Mothers to Mothers” was formed in 1992 to bring together black and Jewish mothers.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=3462469174246040076&postID=2741046210673512849#_ftn2" name="_ftnref" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[2]<!--[endif]--></span></span></a> This activism is aimed to increase the political power and integrity of the entire community.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:100%;">
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-style: italic;font-size:100%;" >- Olga Diaz and Elizabeth Perry</span><span style="font-size:100%;">
<br /></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <div style="font-family:times new roman;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span style="font-size:100%;">
<br /></span> <hr style="height: 3px;font-size:78%;" width="33%" align="left" > <!--[endif]--> <div style="" id="ftn"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size:100%;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=3462469174246040076&postID=2741046210673512849#_ftnref" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[1]<!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a></span><span style="font-size:100%;"> Carol B. Conaway, “Crown Heights: Politics and Press Coverage of the Race War That Wasn’t,” <i style="">Polity</i> (Palgrave Macmillan Journals, 1999): 93-118.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn"> <h1 style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=3462469174246040076&postID=2741046210673512849#_ftnref" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[2]<!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a></span><span style="font-weight: normal;font-size:100%;" > Kifner, John. “After a Decade, Scars Linger in a Healing Crown Heights” <span class="resultspublishing">New York Times (Late New York Edition) (August 19 2001) P. 1, 42</span><o:p></o:p></span></h1> </div> </div> <!--EndFragment--> WChttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07219312338259790076noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3462469174246040076.post-11348764239231690712009-12-10T08:19:00.000-08:002009-12-10T08:26:25.848-08:00Stonewall Inn<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEid_ELvMVpFhNDiANVdIoFfeawIuieBVHeq9y4r8X5JeGBxPczJ9kczufRkFoBhzu-YRM_IEHUfNiWtnd4yeeWamqa0zi7EEhIBC0itGrWBCLaedHe9f4RsjFFw_bXye04cpKnStGHm0KE/s1600-h/Stonewall+riots..jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 242px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEid_ELvMVpFhNDiANVdIoFfeawIuieBVHeq9y4r8X5JeGBxPczJ9kczufRkFoBhzu-YRM_IEHUfNiWtnd4yeeWamqa0zi7EEhIBC0itGrWBCLaedHe9f4RsjFFw_bXye04cpKnStGHm0KE/s320/Stonewall+riots..jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5413644162871162130" border="0" /></a>
<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnk30Hp77Q-thuceivWn7MB_5bHizc9xqDPo7sH7RIiWmL5Sl7CqcZ-NOjmKb6LgS9jDhpe0_MjGuNTF-YKQ0tdoTYPj_KvSipqegpVPNd3740ON8w2pKefcZF1SVYViNRaNzAu4wCCU8/s1600-h/Stonewall+inn+2009..jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 240px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnk30Hp77Q-thuceivWn7MB_5bHizc9xqDPo7sH7RIiWmL5Sl7CqcZ-NOjmKb6LgS9jDhpe0_MjGuNTF-YKQ0tdoTYPj_KvSipqegpVPNd3740ON8w2pKefcZF1SVYViNRaNzAu4wCCU8/s320/Stonewall+inn+2009..jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5413644155387425938" border="0" /></a>
<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHxuIqBvk5yJXRSZTBryvRwVXAmu6Aq1HheXU6ftlAKa5a5OsFlYidh23mEeoAK8k8J_ohF5UFbeOENply3E4cQ3Mznz-b_KGZkZqdk5EkCslZQORCZiYdyppfpDx0qtLZt75-e-x62JA/s1600-h/history_stonewall.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 207px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHxuIqBvk5yJXRSZTBryvRwVXAmu6Aq1HheXU6ftlAKa5a5OsFlYidh23mEeoAK8k8J_ohF5UFbeOENply3E4cQ3Mznz-b_KGZkZqdk5EkCslZQORCZiYdyppfpDx0qtLZt75-e-x62JA/s320/history_stonewall.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5413644151692017410" border="0" /></a><span style="font-family:times new roman;">51-53 Christopher Street</span>
<br />
<br /> <meta name="Title" content=""> <meta name="Keywords" content=""> <meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> <meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"> <meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 2008"> <meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 2008"> <link rel="File-List" href="file://localhost/Users/wendycheng/Library/Caches/TemporaryItems/msoclip/0/clip_filelist.xml"> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:documentproperties> <o:template>Normal.dotm</o:Template> <o:revision>0</o:Revision> <o:totaltime>0</o:TotalTime> <o:pages>1</o:Pages> <o:words>492</o:Words> <o:characters>2807</o:Characters> <o:company>nyu</o:Company> <o:lines>23</o:Lines> <o:paragraphs>5</o:Paragraphs> <o:characterswithspaces>3447</o:CharactersWithSpaces> <o:version>12.0</o:Version> </o:DocumentProperties> <o:officedocumentsettings> <o:allowpng/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves>false</w:TrackMoves> <w:trackformatting/> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:drawinggridhorizontalspacing>18 pt</w:DrawingGridHorizontalSpacing> <w:drawinggridverticalspacing>18 pt</w:DrawingGridVerticalSpacing> <w:displayhorizontaldrawinggridevery>0</w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery> <w:displayverticaldrawinggridevery>0</w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> <w:dontautofitconstrainedtables/> <w:dontvertalignintxbx/> </w:Compatibility> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="276"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--> <style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:Calibri; 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mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} span.MsoFootnoteReference {mso-style-noshow:yes; vertical-align:super;} span.FootnoteTextChar {mso-style-name:"Footnote Text Char"; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-locked:yes; mso-style-link:"Footnote Text"; mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style> <!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} </style> <![endif]--> <!--StartFragment--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >In the United States, the 1960’s were a time of political unrest and radical leftist movements, including the Black Power and anti-war movements.<span style=""> </span>Young people across the nation were coming together and demanding political reform through increasingly radical forms of activism and demonstration.<span style=""> </span>While other groups were militarizing, the visible gay and lesbian groups at the time, sects of what is now referred to as the homophile movement<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=3462469174246040076&postID=1134876423923169071#_ftn1" name="_ftnref" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[1]<!--[endif]--></span></span></a>, were insistent upon making change through the courts and no where else; the homophile movement remained passive and almost completely invisible.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >At this time 51-53 Christopher Street was the location of the Stonewall Inn, a popular hangout for young, mostly non-white gay men, drag queens, and transvestites<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=3462469174246040076&postID=1134876423923169071#_ftn2" name="_ftnref" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[2]<!--[endif]--></span></span></a> in the West Village.<span style=""> </span>In the early morning of June 28<sup>th</sup>, 1969, the bar was the target of a police raid, a common occurrence for gay bars at the time; however, the raid did not proceed as planned.<span style=""> </span>One patron resisted arrest, fought back against the officer attempting to arrest her, and suddenly, the scene became a collective gay uprising, lasting for two days, calling for “Gay Power”.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=3462469174246040076&postID=1134876423923169071#_ftn3" name="_ftnref" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[3]<!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style=""> </span>In a matter of months the homophile movement had been transformed into the Gay Liberation movement, and spread across the nation.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >This outburst of collective action seemed sudden—there had been no previous push for radical collective action among gay communities—but it was actually born from a specific political context.<span style=""> </span>The Gay Liberation movement in part owes its existence to the radical leftist movements that preceded it, most particularly the Black Power movement, which “came to embody a distinctive form of politics and culture…liberation replaced equality, and self-determination superseded integration,”.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=3462469174246040076&postID=1134876423923169071#_ftn4" name="_ftnref" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[4]<!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style=""> </span>Also, the Gay Liberation movement spread with unmatched speed because it used the infrastructures of other radical groups as means for visibility and recruitment.<span style=""> </span>Although the homophile movement refused to take the form of a liberation movement, gay individuals across the country were nevertheless influenced by the radical politics gripping the nation’s youth.<span style=""> </span>As police raids on gay bars were increasing in frequency and violence, the gay community joined together and fought back on Christopher Street.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >The original Stonewall Inn closed at the end of 1969, and today the location is a National Historic Landmark, however, the neighborhood around it has changed significantly over the years.<span style=""> </span>As the neighborhood has changed, the result of gentrification, so has the gay movement and gay politics.<span style=""> </span>It started when gay men of color fought back against police violence, which blew up into a grassroots movement for freedom, in the face of a hostile polity.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=3462469174246040076&postID=1134876423923169071#_ftn5" name="_ftnref" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[5]<!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style=""> </span>As the movement gained visibility, it also gained more political acceptance until by the 1990’s the gay movement had reverted back to a movement working within the political structure, rather than a movement demanding freedom from the political structure.<span style=""> </span>The gay movement welcomed access to the polity, even if it meant gaining that access by virtue of race, gender, or socio-economic status.<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=3462469174246040076&postID=1134876423923169071#_ftn6" name="_ftnref" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[6]<!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style=""> </span>By ideologically accepting such access based on certain identities, the gay movement became closed to everyone else, whether or not they were stigmatized by heteronormativity.<span style=""> </span>The gay movement became a white, middle-class movement by accepting the privileges of such an identity.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: normal;"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >
<br /><span style="font-style: italic;">- Olga Diaz and Elizabeth Perry</span>
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: normal;"></p><div style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->
<br /> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%"> <!--[endif]--> <div style="" id="ftn"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=3462469174246040076&postID=1134876423923169071#_ftnref" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:";font-size:10pt;" ><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[1]<!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:";font-size:10pt;" > Nicholas C. Edsall, <i style="">Toward Stonewall: Homosexuality and Society in the Modern Western World</i>, University of Virginia Press, 2003.<span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=3462469174246040076&postID=1134876423923169071#_ftnref" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:";font-size:10pt;" ><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[2]<!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:";font-size:10pt;" > John D’Emilio, “A New Beginning: The Birth of Gay Liberation,” <i>Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities: The Making of a Homosexual Minority in the United States, 1940-1970 </i>(University of Chicago Press, 1998): 223-239.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=3462469174246040076&postID=1134876423923169071#_ftnref" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:";font-size:10pt;" ><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[3]<!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:";font-size:10pt;" > John D’Emilio, “A New Beginning: The Birth of Gay Liberation,” <i>Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities: The Making of a Homosexual Minority in the United States, 1940-1970 </i>(University of Chicago Press, 1998): 223-239.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=3462469174246040076&postID=1134876423923169071#_ftnref" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";" ><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[4]<!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style=";font-family:";" > John D’Emilio, “A New Beginning: The Birth of Gay Liberation,” <i>Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities: The Making of a Homosexual Minority in the United States, 1940-1970 </i>(University of Chicago Press, 1998): 223-239.</span><span style=";font-family:";" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=3462469174246040076&postID=1134876423923169071#_ftnref" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";" ><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[5]<!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style=";font-family:";" > Mary Bernstein, “Celebration and Suppression: The Strategic Uses of Identity by the Lesbian and Gay Movement,” <i style="">American Journal of Sociology</i> (University of Chicago Press, 1997): 531-565.</span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=3462469174246040076&postID=1134876423923169071#_ftnref" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->[6]<!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style=";font-family:";" >Mary Bernstein, “Celebration and Suppression: The Strategic Uses of Identity by the Lesbian and Gay Movement,” <i style="">American Journal of Sociology</i> (University of Chicago Press, 1997): 531-565.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> </div> <!--EndFragment-->
<br />WChttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07219312338259790076noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3462469174246040076.post-17331117437135906242009-12-09T20:47:00.000-08:002009-12-13T18:28:26.112-08:00Morningside Park<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEir9O0WXneRFjsRLKceazadQkbBsRTvOc_D1zLGgQyhj3tIp6fdtbHdfah52iaN31zpqOQmoA3v4i97-tgNr3oRPHtZ35hSlWy7eTabxEAAPeqAOgDLecxARP2qRSeDIFd0KGgkJzpd4Ws/s1600-h/MorningsidePark1.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEir9O0WXneRFjsRLKceazadQkbBsRTvOc_D1zLGgQyhj3tIp6fdtbHdfah52iaN31zpqOQmoA3v4i97-tgNr3oRPHtZ35hSlWy7eTabxEAAPeqAOgDLecxARP2qRSeDIFd0KGgkJzpd4Ws/s320/MorningsidePark1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5413464864324376210" border="0" /></a><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiq8h2MJxkn1VCGXcmkluZyUyTvSZXzODG8GfO3ksZ0xT8OC1DhFX5xMOzK6owv6PAfLRZEMGmNKe56xC-HeWCwTDGOMKfxi_mEV9_i7pMYIGuuJiUcxNkUa6Q1pU_hC1hV9ZdNkcgrk8c/s1600-h/MorningsidePark2.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiq8h2MJxkn1VCGXcmkluZyUyTvSZXzODG8GfO3ksZ0xT8OC1DhFX5xMOzK6owv6PAfLRZEMGmNKe56xC-HeWCwTDGOMKfxi_mEV9_i7pMYIGuuJiUcxNkUa6Q1pU_hC1hV9ZdNkcgrk8c/s320/MorningsidePark2.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5413464860533920866" border="0" /></a><meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CWENDYC%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:officedocumentsettings> <o:allowpng/> <o:pixelsperinch>72</o:PixelsPerInch> <o:targetscreensize>1024x768</o:TargetScreenSize> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:donotoptimizeforbrowser/> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:Cambria; panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1073741899 0 0 159 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <p style="font-style: italic;font-family:times new roman;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:78%;">1) The baseball field constructed in the early 1950’s. 2009, Mike Ren. 2) Wall and entrance leading to Columbia University. 2009, Mike Ren.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal">
<br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CWENDYC%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:officedocumentsettings> <o:allowpng/> <o:pixelsperinch>72</o:PixelsPerInch> <o:targetscreensize>1024x768</o:TargetScreenSize> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:donotoptimizeforbrowser/> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:Helvetica; panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:swiss; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:536902279 -2147483648 8 0 511 0;} @font-face {font-family:Cambria; panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1073741899 0 0 159 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.MsoHeader, li.MsoHeader, div.MsoHeader {mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-link:" Char Char2"; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; tab-stops:center 3.0in right 6.0in; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} span.CharChar2 {mso-style-name:" Char Char2"; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-locked:yes; mso-style-link:Header; mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Cambria; mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria; mso-ansi-language:EN-US; mso-fareast-language:EN-US; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA;} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style=";font-family:";" >Located between Harlem and Columbia University, Morningside Park has become a natural divider for the affluent white members of Columbia and the lower-class Black residents of Harlem. In the late 1960’s, the expansionistic qualities of the predominately white institution of Columbia created conflicts within the community by building a privatized facility on public land, disregarding Morningside Park’s social importance to Harlem residents. Organized protest and direct community involvement ensued in order to protect African-American rights. The events at the park quickly gained new meaning as a symbol of forcefully combating oppression and halting the freedom of white supremacy. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style=";font-family:";" >In the 1950s, the New York City Parks Departments allowed Columbia to build a privatized athletic baseball field at the southern end of Morningside Park, on the condition that the University open the field to community use on specific days with the correct supervision and permits. The Harlem residents resented this use of public land and limitations imposed for their use, but there was no direct opposition. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style=";font-family:";" >Having been granted relative freedom in creating the field, in 1961, Columbia once again started to exploit the public space. Led by Columbia’s President Grayson Kirk, the plan was to build a nine-story gymnasium by excavating a small portion of Morningside Park. Kirk and Robert Moses, the City Park Commissioner at the time, agreed upon the proposed construction, but on the condition that the gymnasium also allow community use due to its location on public land. It was agreed upon that out of the nine floors, two of the bottom floors would be accessible by the public. Although the plan was designed to benefit both the community and school, Harlem residents were frustrated they didn’t have a voice in the construction. Further more, minority community members saw the new gym as an act of segregation and racial discrimination as only the bottom two floors were designated for public use while the other six floors were for the affluent white students and faculty. Finally, facing overwhelming opposition in the form of neighborhood organized protest, blockages and picket lines, and eventually student occupations demanding construction to be halted, Columbia stopped construction. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style=";font-family:";" >The park today is still predominately occupied by Harlem residents. There have been many renovations within the park to make it more appealing to the public. Flowers, trees, and even new paved paths line up the west area of the park next to Columbia University. The baseball field is still in its spot, unoccupied by the public. The original site for the construction of the gymnasium has become a staircase leading up to Columbia. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style=";font-family:";" ><span style=""> </span>Although the outcome turned favorable towards black power and student rights, there are issues that need to be address based out of the actions and unlimited opposition leading up to it. Prior to the protest and student occupations, President Kirk believed he had little to worry about in constructing the gym on public land. In effect, he was guaranteed that the state would follow the will of the university due to its distinguished status as an Ivy League University. It becomes a privilege for the wealthy white-owned University to access public land in the hands of minorities in order to further their own goals. In essence, without opposition from its own students, Columbia could have ignored the community due to the support of the white-privileged state.
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="">
<br /><span style=";font-family:";" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style=";font-family:";" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-style: italic;"><span style=";font-family:";" ><o:p> - Katie Gordon and Mike Ren</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style=";font-family:";" ><o:p>
<br /></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style=";font-family:";" >Bibliography:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="">
<br /><span style=";font-family:";" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;" >1. Bradley, Stefan M. Harlem vs Columbia University: Black Student Power in the Late 1960's. Chicago: University of Illinois, 2009. Print.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;" >2. Crisis At Columbia. New York: Alfred A. Knopf Inc., 1968. Print.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;" >3. Jerry, Avorn L., Jaffe Mark, Oren Root, Jr., Paul Starr, Michael Stern, and Robert Stulberg. Up Against the Ivy Wall: A History of the Columbia Crisis. Ed. Robert Friedman. Canada: McClelland and Stewart Ltd., 1968. Print.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;" >4. Kahn, Roger. The Battle For Morningside Park: Why Students Rebel. New York: William Morrow and Company Inc., 1970. Print</span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p></p> WChttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07219312338259790076noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3462469174246040076.post-6086704740973256292009-12-09T20:43:00.001-08:002009-12-09T20:47:42.122-08:00African Burial Ground<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmUkNeY6K2NHOSHykc-nazV1OszVp_dxOPccMxgICPJyhE1dGx0s1WmTxSd4JZtt6kDDtIlDZjsO5oS76xKc4WCltv0A-zNK15dQSPd7gGuUnPUJ3lxwcTAGrw0inDxKqzHrIMERQY1TM/s1600-h/AfricanBurialGround1.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmUkNeY6K2NHOSHykc-nazV1OszVp_dxOPccMxgICPJyhE1dGx0s1WmTxSd4JZtt6kDDtIlDZjsO5oS76xKc4WCltv0A-zNK15dQSPd7gGuUnPUJ3lxwcTAGrw0inDxKqzHrIMERQY1TM/s320/AfricanBurialGround1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5413464202401254786" border="0" /></a>
<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMozPdX6GyW1OiXIhgQ3Lxrar6Apj72AmvVmKSwkKy1qb2_gnTsBzRTj13Xiy7pJD9p8honFd1pq7KcWZK7Da4Li56gqJtx0kHgRKUmwl8qSsrvj6j46_fqNPm_h5MJX6K9ezcXrYpEv0/s1600-h/AfricanBurialGround2.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMozPdX6GyW1OiXIhgQ3Lxrar6Apj72AmvVmKSwkKy1qb2_gnTsBzRTj13Xiy7pJD9p8honFd1pq7KcWZK7Da4Li56gqJtx0kHgRKUmwl8qSsrvj6j46_fqNPm_h5MJX6K9ezcXrYpEv0/s320/AfricanBurialGround2.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5413464191236886770" border="0" /></a>
<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhs3_adQm6vWVLQHl27a5DqB7btEPbQx3A7aHXfeQdyp0Os8YWU-lmjJeeOv3INf1Pn0tIPEhQ6EGKhAeddpA-0XxWXXvZm0oGWeYqxpi_UnZc50felLkbr0fNiljAvyQmbpbOTSzLIvG4/s1600-h/AfricanBurialGround3.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhs3_adQm6vWVLQHl27a5DqB7btEPbQx3A7aHXfeQdyp0Os8YWU-lmjJeeOv3INf1Pn0tIPEhQ6EGKhAeddpA-0XxWXXvZm0oGWeYqxpi_UnZc50felLkbr0fNiljAvyQmbpbOTSzLIvG4/s320/AfricanBurialGround3.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5413464184284535138" border="0" /></a>
<br /><span style="font-size:78%;"><span style="font-style: italic;font-family:times new roman;" >1) Monument outside of visitor’s center. 2009, Mike Ren. 2) Inside the monument. 2009, Mike Ren. 3) Sign indicating National Park status. 2009, Mike Ren.</span></span>
<br />
<br /><meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CWENDYC%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:officedocumentsettings> <o:allowpng/> <o:pixelsperinch>72</o:PixelsPerInch> <o:targetscreensize>1024x768</o:TargetScreenSize> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:donotoptimizeforbrowser/> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:Cambria; panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1073741899 0 0 159 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 47.6pt;"><span style=";font-family:";" >The African Burial Ground in Manhattan is one of the most abundant sources of knowledge concerning the New York African and African American population of the 17<sup>th</sup> and 18<sup>th</sup> centuries. The evidence archaeologists obtain from the remains creates an entirely different picture of New York – one from which African culture and influence has historically been noticeably absent. Without establishing the role of Africans in the shaping of New York’s culture, our understanding of history would be deficient.<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style=";font-family:";" >Eighteen years ago, a team of archaeologists in charge of surveying and approving land in lower Manhattan for the construction of a new federal building discovered something quite extraordinary. Upon excavation, skeletal remains, which were determined to be of African descent, were unearthed – this was to be expected, as the crew knew that the site was an ancient African Burial Ground. What the team did not expect to find, however, was the sheer number of graves excavated– more than 400 graves were discovered, which grossly exceeded the team’s original estimate of 50. As the investigation continued, priceless artifacts and information were revealed, which has allowed archaeologists and historians to better understand the African American involvement in the creation and development of New York. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style=";font-family:";" >Once the site of several federal buildings, this historic piece of land is now preserved as a National Monument through the National Park Service. A stone well inscribed with the symbols of different African religions sits in front of the visitor’s center. Artifacts, such as beads, pins, and coins, are on display inside. The Sankofa symbol, an African bird that represents the connection between past and present, is engraved many places throughout the exhibit and monument. An exhibit dedicated to the story of the African Burial Ground and the education of the public about this lost society is also a part of the visitor’s center. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style=";font-family:";" >“ ‘Ground truth,’ ” (p. 9) Hansen and McGowan explain, is evidence obtained from the burial grounds of oppressed people that is oftentimes the only correct way to learn about the history of these individuals. Because the history of blacks has been skewed and misreported by their oppressors, this evidence is invaluable to the correction of the history of New York. African labor was used to build many cities, such as New Amsterdam; slaves were continually exploited in the houses and businesses of slave owners, performing a wide variety of tasks; one grave affirmed the presence of blacks in the US Navy, along with their participation in the Revolutionary War. The Office of Public Education and Interpretation for the African Burial Ground was established in 1993 to appease those who wanted to use this discovery to rewrite history. Although these remains are celebrated today, they were ignored for over a hundred years with the construction of streets and buildings covering them. Because it has taken centuries for this information to surface (literally), this proves that white privilege has been prevalent throughout the establishment of the United States. Today, however, the African American community takes a stand for their part in history.
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /><span style=";font-family:";" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p style="font-style: italic;" class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";" ><o:p>- Katie Gordon and Mike Ren</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";" ><o:p>
<br /></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";" >Biblography:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;" >
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;" >1. Frohne, Andrea E. <i>The African Burial Ground in the New York City: Manifesting and Representing Spirituality of Space</i>. Diss. Graduate School of Binghamton University State University of New York, 2002. Ann Arbor, Michigan: UMI Inc., 2003. Print.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;" >2. Hansen, Joyce, and Gary McGowan. <i>Breaking Ground, Breaking Silence: The Story of New York's African Burial Ground</i>. New York: Henry Holy and Company, Inc., 1998. Print.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;" >3. Pearce, Susan C. <i>Africans on this Soil: The Counter-Amnesia of the New York African Burial Ground</i>. Diss. New School for Social Research, 1996. Ann Arbor, Michigan: UMI Inc., 1997. Print.</span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";" ><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";" >4.</span><i><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" > </span></i><i><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;" >The African Burial Ground: Return to the Past to Rebuild the Future</span></i><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;" >. National Park Service. Web. <http: gov="" htm="">.</http:></span><span style=";font-family:";" ><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<br />WChttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07219312338259790076noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3462469174246040076.post-27946753324845325982009-12-09T20:36:00.000-08:002009-12-13T17:45:50.786-08:00Shooting of Amadou Diallo<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHm7s863GQyzJtuYJ_pMnUra2mxS_FQbTlvay59lNl2HISvH-BQlcnWGVFcLsU4dMWfEZMGlkVap1MoFj1JRkyMFoPXbYvpe8donxyP4dFhsj7xOVe3bczpy1BGpL2-8e1UXaLNlzbRTI/s1600-h/AmadouDiallo3.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHm7s863GQyzJtuYJ_pMnUra2mxS_FQbTlvay59lNl2HISvH-BQlcnWGVFcLsU4dMWfEZMGlkVap1MoFj1JRkyMFoPXbYvpe8donxyP4dFhsj7xOVe3bczpy1BGpL2-8e1UXaLNlzbRTI/s320/AmadouDiallo3.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5413462846493054898" border="0" /></a><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfmP3QZMMLNKqm-lw9B4hBPBy-ddZehSn16SY53QfJ8YHrUDkjtx_FnMxuQMiXTIo7pls2W0adNfHMyQ1R3KDVlKc3iI6nuA2Rvnl8HJnKqa4uUY-bWprOuos1aGZTTrtbqXaSiEsna0k/s1600-h/AmadouDiallo1.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfmP3QZMMLNKqm-lw9B4hBPBy-ddZehSn16SY53QfJ8YHrUDkjtx_FnMxuQMiXTIo7pls2W0adNfHMyQ1R3KDVlKc3iI6nuA2Rvnl8HJnKqa4uUY-bWprOuos1aGZTTrtbqXaSiEsna0k/s320/AmadouDiallo1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5413462832685393746" border="0" /></a>
<br /><meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CWENDYC%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:officedocumentsettings> <o:allowpng/> <o:pixelsperinch>72</o:PixelsPerInch> <o:targetscreensize>1024x768</o:TargetScreenSize> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:donotoptimizeforbrowser/> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:Cambria; panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1073741899 0 0 159 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-style: italic;font-size:78%;" >1) 1157 Wheeler Ave, previous home of Amadou. 2009, Mike Ren.</span><span style="font-style: italic;font-size:78%;" > 2) Mural on Wheeler Ave.</span><span style="font-style: italic;font-size:78%;" > </span><span style="font-size:78%;"><span style="font-style: italic;">2009, Mike Ren. 3) Banner on mural on Wheeler Ave. 2009, Mike Ren.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEht4fT6LyynpjPbl7-N0-YzUB1cdSLWs46CudRSZ0zIG8APDNb7GDKI8qbgf2ailVkdlVDPNBepNXTLLhgFZRoP3Y_pHoF-snpWiSJZifH6oMew-5QFsmhgthiG4O8tmgYqKOgygCMQgCI/s1600-h/AmadouDiallo2.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEht4fT6LyynpjPbl7-N0-YzUB1cdSLWs46CudRSZ0zIG8APDNb7GDKI8qbgf2ailVkdlVDPNBepNXTLLhgFZRoP3Y_pHoF-snpWiSJZifH6oMew-5QFsmhgthiG4O8tmgYqKOgygCMQgCI/s320/AmadouDiallo2.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5413462841912443490" border="0" /></a></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:78%;">
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CWENDYC%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="place"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="country-region"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="City"></o:smarttagtype><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:officedocumentsettings> <o:allowpng/> <o:pixelsperinch>72</o:PixelsPerInch> <o:targetscreensize>1024x768</o:TargetScreenSize> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:donotoptimizeforbrowser/> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if !mso]><object classid="clsid:38481807-CA0E-42D2-BF39-B33AF135CC4D" id="ieooui"></object> <style> st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } </style> <![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:Cambria; panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1073741899 0 0 159 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.MsoFootnoteText, li.MsoFootnoteText, div.MsoFootnoteText {mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-link:" Char Char"; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";} span.MsoFootnoteReference {mso-style-noshow:yes; vertical-align:super;} span.CharChar {mso-style-name:" Char Char"; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-locked:yes; mso-style-link:"Footnote Text"; mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt; font-family:Cambria; mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family:Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria; mso-ansi-language:EN-US; mso-fareast-language:EN-US; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA;} /* Page Definitions */ @page {mso-footnote-separator:url("file:///C:/DOCUME~1/WENDYC~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_header.htm") fs; mso-footnote-continuation-separator:url("file:///C:/DOCUME~1/WENDYC~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_header.htm") fcs; mso-endnote-separator:url("file:///C:/DOCUME~1/WENDYC~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_header.htm") es; mso-endnote-continuation-separator:url("file:///C:/DOCUME~1/WENDYC~1/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_header.htm") ecs;} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style=";font-family:";" >The story of Amadou Diallo and his death is a leading example of the practice of racial profiling. The disproportionate numbers of stops and arrests of people of color by police is an issue that still plagues our nation today, and this example is one of the most famous and overt displays of the paradoxical injustice of our justice system. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style=";font-family:";" >On February 4, 1999, just after midnight, police officers Ed McMellon and Sean Carroll noted Amadou Diallo, a 22-year-old West African immigrant, outside on the stoop of his Bronx house. After being joined by officers Kenneth Boss and Richard Murphy, the officers pursued Diallo. Having received a report of a dark-skinned rapist in the area, the officers suspected that Diallo could be the perpetrator. The officers called out to their suspect – upon hearing the policemen, Diallo turned around and reached into his back pocket to retrieve a small, black object. Immediately assuming the object to be a gun, the police officers open-fired on Diallo, shooting 41 bullets, 19 of which pierced their target. After they lowered their weapons and approached Diallo’s dead body, they realized that the object Diallo had reached for had not been a gun – it had been his wallet. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style=";font-family:";" >There is no official commemoration at Amadou’s house or on his street in the Bronx. The only reminder of the incident is a 15 to 20 foot mural that depicts Diallo with images of the Statue of Liberty as a skeleton and the American flag in the background, along with the words “American Dream” written across the top. This community response to the shooting expresses the position that there are contradictions between what America claims to stand for (freedom, democracy, etc.) and what racial biases actually exist.<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style=";font-family:";" >Were the policemen, all of whom were white, predisposed to assume that because of Amadou’s black skin, he was the criminal they were searching for? In investigating all types of police intervention, Amnesty International predicts that blacks are victims of racial profiling 47% of the time, while whites experience racial profiling 3% of the time<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=3462469174246040076&postID=2794675332484532598#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>. Another study concludes that even though 71.3% of whites abuse drugs, 5.7% are arrested; in contrast, 17.7% of blacks abuse drugs, yet 84.2% are arrested<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=3462469174246040076&postID=2794675332484532598#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>. A study conducted by the Department of Justice found that police disproportionately targeted Blacks and Latinos<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=3462469174246040076&postID=2794675332484532598#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>. In 2006, the NYPD investigated 500,000 individuals upon suspicion of criminal involvement, 89% of which were non-white<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=3462469174246040076&postID=2794675332484532598#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>. In spite of many things: Amadou’s lack of criminal record and firearm; bullet holes found in Amadou’s feet, signifying that he was shot after he was down; and numerous peaceful protests by citizens around the nation, all four officers were acquitted of all charges. This demonstrates that racial biases and discriminations still exist in government-supported institutions.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /><span style=";font-family:";" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p style="font-style: italic;" class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";" ><o:p>- Katie Gordon and Mike Ren</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";" ><o:p>
<br /></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";" >Bibliography:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal">
<br /><span style=";font-family:";" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";" >1. </span><i><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;" >Amnesty International: USA: California: Update on Police Brutality</span></i><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;" >. <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">London</st1:place></st1:city>, 1999. Print.</span><span style=";font-family:";" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;" >2</span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" >.</span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;" >"Analysis of the Disparities In the New York City Police Department's Stop, Question, and Frisk Practices." <i>Racial Profiling Data Collection Resource Center</i>. North Eastern University. Web.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;" >3. Cotts, Cynthia. "Deconstructing Diallo's Death." <i>The Village Voice</i> [New York] 2 Mar. 1999. Print.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;" >4. Roy, Beth. <i>41 Shots...And Counting:What Amadou DIallo's Story Teachers us about Policing, Race, and Justice</i>. Syracuse: Syracuse UP, 2009. Print.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;" >5. <i>Threat and Humiliation: Racial Profiling, National Security, and Human Rights in the <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">United States</st1:place></st1:country-region></i>. Rep. New York: Amnesty International USA Pulbications, 2004. <i>Http://www.amnestyusa.org</i>. Amnesty International. Web.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;" >6.</span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;" > </span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;" >"Racial Profiling - The Truth About Racial Profiling: Seven Facts." <i>Amnesty International USA</i>. Amnesty International. Web. <http: org="" racial_profiling="" html="">.</http:></span><span style=";font-family:";" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <div style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]-->
<br /><hr width="33%" align="left" size="1"> <!--[endif]--> <div style="" id="ftn1"> <p class="MsoNormal"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=3462469174246040076&postID=2794675332484532598#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:Cambria;font-size:12pt;" >[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <i><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;" >Threat and Humiliation: Racial Profiling, National Security, and Human Rights in the United States</span></i><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;" >. Rep. New York: Amnesty International USA Pulbications, 2004. <i>Http://www.amnestyusa.org</i>. Amnesty International. Web. P. 1</span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><o:p> </o:p></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn2"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=3462469174246040076&postID=2794675332484532598#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:Cambria;font-size:12pt;" >[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <i><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;" >Threat and Humiliation, p. 22</span></i></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn3"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=3462469174246040076&postID=2794675332484532598#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:Cambria;font-size:12pt;" >[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;" >"Racial Profiling - The Truth About Racial Profiling: Seven Facts." <i>Amnesty International USA</i>. Amnesty International. Web. <http: org="" racial_profiling="" html="">.<o:p></o:p></http:></span></p> </div> <div style="" id="ftn4"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=3462469174246040076&postID=2794675332484532598#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:Cambria;font-size:12pt;" >[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style=";font-family:";font-size:16pt;" >.</span><span style=";font-family:";font-size:11pt;" >"Analysis of the Disparities In the New York City Police Department's Stop, Question, and Frisk Practices." <i>Racial Profiling Data Collection Resource Center</i>. North Eastern University. Web.</span></p> </div> </div> <p></p> WChttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07219312338259790076noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3462469174246040076.post-57308045837124343082009-12-09T20:28:00.001-08:002009-12-09T20:35:36.254-08:00Tompkins Square Park<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyuBepv9MYCm-YD507YiAED8jo586Dk25o2E-LoH77uDps42_5-Y60aJsWqlrCSgGBS2cMv0NYKAcjcey-VE1lLB_DfsigKJlBwQ48XJM200rF4SNXS_c6ArtLf2DUKOkNPf4w8dqNZdU/s1600-h/PlaygroundTompkins.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 245px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyuBepv9MYCm-YD507YiAED8jo586Dk25o2E-LoH77uDps42_5-Y60aJsWqlrCSgGBS2cMv0NYKAcjcey-VE1lLB_DfsigKJlBwQ48XJM200rF4SNXS_c6ArtLf2DUKOkNPf4w8dqNZdU/s320/PlaygroundTompkins.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5413460096232873458" border="0" /></a><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhj5nVtCMf8YEETdtpBtVjjhgnEbsgZdZi8RcoAa1EaFOEOHjEIR1FkNJaMzAvi5gX0SJIScfgLmXikVMKMvlrSZ7XHtf_Dl0QNFipNYPGqWu0Bz2sNwFZBsAAsd7jku9zgwtIcuqXzAU8/s1600-h/TompkinsRubble.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 213px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhj5nVtCMf8YEETdtpBtVjjhgnEbsgZdZi8RcoAa1EaFOEOHjEIR1FkNJaMzAvi5gX0SJIScfgLmXikVMKMvlrSZ7XHtf_Dl0QNFipNYPGqWu0Bz2sNwFZBsAAsd7jku9zgwtIcuqXzAU8/s320/TompkinsRubble.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5413460098347715010" border="0" /></a><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiveNaQeS05OEF9al4EwFgCoiU1aUDrTo21orDUMpGzq0Wnoc_GzGums0M3zWmx52Y30g4HNUfZfcsKVZVZvDIm8W7jmzkuwPFcyCF7jHkWMoVvSOMi0Cj-k52GraJekRge6fVJwdl6utI/s1600-h/TompkinsToday.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 214px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiveNaQeS05OEF9al4EwFgCoiU1aUDrTo21orDUMpGzq0Wnoc_GzGums0M3zWmx52Y30g4HNUfZfcsKVZVZvDIm8W7jmzkuwPFcyCF7jHkWMoVvSOMi0Cj-k52GraJekRge6fVJwdl6utI/s320/TompkinsToday.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5413460103851474642" border="0" /></a>
<br />
<br /><meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CWENDYC%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="place"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="PlaceType"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="PlaceName"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="City"></o:smarttagtype><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:donotoptimizeforbrowser/> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if !mso]><object classid="clsid:38481807-CA0E-42D2-BF39-B33AF135CC4D" id="ieooui"></object> <style> st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } </style> <![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.MsoPlainText, li.MsoPlainText, div.MsoPlainText {margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} span.EmailStyle15 {mso-style-type:personal; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:windowtext; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; text-decoration:none; text-underline:none; text-decoration:none; text-line-through:none;} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <p style="font-style: italic;font-family:times new roman;" class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size:78%;">1) Women and Children by the <st1:placename st="on">Temperance</st1:placename> <st1:placetype st="on">Monument</st1:placetype>, 1904 (Museum of the City of <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">New York</st1:place></st1:city>, Byron Collection). 2) Rubble in <st1:place st="on"><st1:placename st="on">Tompkins</st1:placename> <st1:placetype st="on">Square</st1:placetype> <st1:placetype st="on">Park</st1:placetype></st1:place>, 1986, photographed by Q. Sakamaki. 3) Tompkins Today: Food Bank Distribution, 2009, photographed by Tiffany Chang.</span></p><p class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></p><p class="MsoPlainText"><meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CWENDYC%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="Street"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="address"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="place"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="country-region"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="PlaceType"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="PlaceName"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="City"></o:smarttagtype><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:browserlevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if !mso]><object classid="clsid:38481807-CA0E-42D2-BF39-B33AF135CC4D" id="ieooui"></object> <style> st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } </style> <![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><st1:place st="on"><st1:placename st="on">East</st1:placename> <st1:placetype st="on">Village</st1:placetype></st1:place></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Avenue A to Avenue B on the East</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><st1:street st="on"><st1:address st="on">East 10<sup>th</sup> Street</st1:address></st1:street> to <st1:street st="on"><st1:address st="on">East 7<sup>th</sup> Street</st1:address></st1:street> on the South</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><st1:placename st="on">
<br />Tompkins</st1:placename> <st1:placetype st="on">Square</st1:placetype> <st1:placetype st="on">Park</st1:placetype> has become emblematic of <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">New York City</st1:place></st1:city>’s history of civil unrest and public protest, as the site of the <st1:street st="on"><st1:address st="on">1988 Tompkins Square</st1:address></st1:street> Park Police Riot. Located in the heart of the <st1:place st="on"><st1:placename st="on">East</st1:placename> <st1:placetype st="on">Village</st1:placetype></st1:place>, the park’s early history was shaped by the immigrant populations—mostly German and Irish—that occupied the neighborhood’s low-income housing. As one of the few open spaces south of <st1:street st="on"><st1:address st="on">14<sup>th</sup> Street</st1:address></st1:street>, <st1:street st="on"><st1:address st="on">Tompkins Square</st1:address></st1:street> naturally became a place to gather, both to escape the overcrowded tenements and to protest unfair conditions. Foreshadowing the park’s future, poor workers and their families assembled in 1857 and 1874 to protest unemployment and food shortages, both of which were met with immediate and unjustified police violence.
<br />
<br /><span style="">The early 20<sup>th</sup> century marked the beginnings of the park as it is seen today. With over a million tenement dwellers clustered into the <st1:place st="on">Lower East Side</st1:place>, <st1:street st="on"><st1:address st="on">Tompkins Square</st1:address></st1:street> offered one of the few open space respites from overcrowding. The Progressive Era relaxed the tense class relations throughout the <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">United States</st1:place></st1:country-region>, seen in <st1:street st="on"><st1:address st="on">Tompkins Square</st1:address></st1:street> as wealthier New Yorkers erected playgrounds and monuments in the “great plebian plaza”. Following the Second World War, the neighborhood began to shift again, as newly arrived Puerto Rican, Jewish and Italian immigrants began to take over the cultural landscape. As <st1:place st="on"><st1:placename st="on">Tompkins</st1:placename> <st1:placetype st="on">Square</st1:placetype> <st1:placetype st="on">Park</st1:placetype></st1:place> reemerged as an open space developing a new counterculture, young artists began to settle around the park, finding low rents and studio spaces. During this time, the neighborhood received a new name: the <st1:place st="on"><st1:placename st="on">East</st1:placename> <st1:placetype st="on">Village</st1:placetype></st1:place>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=""><span style=""> </span>
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="">Gentrification began to develop in conjunction with degentrification. While the young, modern bourgeoisie infiltrated the cheap apartments surrounding <st1:place st="on"><st1:placename st="on">Tompkins</st1:placename> <st1:placetype st="on">Square</st1:placetype> <st1:placetype st="on">Park</st1:placetype></st1:place>, a large movement of homeless also began to settle in the park, which would eventually lead to the clash of 1988. During and up until this time, many of the City’s parks were dirty and unkempt, but <st1:street st="on"><st1:address st="on">Tompkins Square</st1:address></st1:street> was arguably subject to the most deterioration after years of foot traffic and community abuse. Homeless shanties were feebly constructed throughout the park; drug addicts and AIDS victims alike sought refuge here.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=""><span style=""> </span>
<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="">The 1988 riot, which stemmed from resistance against a 1 AM curfew—intended to evict the homeless—challenged the planned development and conventions of space within <st1:place st="on"><st1:placename st="on">Tompkins</st1:placename> <st1:placetype st="on">Square</st1:placetype> <st1:placetype st="on">Park</st1:placetype></st1:place>. Local anarchists and anti-gentrification activists joined the bloody clash with police. Adamantly as the City fought the use of the park as a shantytown, the rioters argued back: “Whose park is it, it’s our fucking park” (Smith 282).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=""><span style=""> </span>Today, one would not suspect the park’s tumultous history: no plaques exist and nor have any monuments been erected. In 1991, the park was shut down for renovation and reopened in 1992, with evidence of the homeless population removed. However, the remnants of the park’s history are not completely lost. The park is notable for heavy gating, a feature that could otherwise go unnoticed if it were not for the openness of nearby <st1:place st="on"><st1:placename st="on">Washington</st1:placename> <st1:placetype st="on">Square</st1:placetype> <st1:placetype st="on">Park</st1:placetype></st1:place>. The homeless and poor peacefully inhabit the park, where food banks often come to distribute necessities and meals. Beyond these small details however, the presence of development is inexplicably clear. <st1:place st="on"><st1:placename st="on">Tompkins</st1:placename> <st1:placetype st="on">Square</st1:placetype> <st1:placetype st="on">Park</st1:placetype></st1:place> feels as if it is at a loss, haunted by both what it used to be and what it is expected to be. No matter how many dissenters and social outcasts occupy the space, every night, it still closes at 1 AM.</span></p> <p></p><p style="font-style: italic;font-family:times new roman;" class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size:130%;">- Tiffany Chang and Josefina Peralta</span></p><p class="MsoPlainText">
<br /></p><p class="MsoPlainText"><meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CWENDYC%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="Street"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="address"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="place"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="country-region"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="State"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="PlaceType"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="PlaceName"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="City"></o:smarttagtype><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:browserlevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if !mso]><object classid="clsid:38481807-CA0E-42D2-BF39-B33AF135CC4D" id="ieooui"></object> <style> st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } </style> <![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><u>References<o:p></o:p></u></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">Burrows, Edwin G., and Mike Wallace. <i>Gotham A History of <st1:city st="on">New York City</st1:city> to 1898 (The History of <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">New York City</st1:place></st1:city>)</i>. <st1:state st="on">New York</st1:state>: <st1:city st="on">Oxford</st1:city> UP, <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">USA</st1:place></st1:country-region>, 2000. Print. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">Gardner, Deborah S. "<st1:street st="on"><st1:address st="on">Tompkins Square</st1:address></st1:street>: Past and Present." <i>The Journal of American History</i> 77.1 (1990): 232-38. <i>JSTOR</i>. Web. 2 Dec. 2009. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">Strausbaugh, John. "Paths of Resistance in the <st1:place st="on"><st1:placename st="on">East</st1:placename> <st1:placetype st="on">Village</st1:placetype></st1:place>." <i>New York Times</i>. Nytimes.com, 14 Sept. 2007. Web. 30 Nov. 2009. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">"<st1:place st="on"><st1:placename st="on">Tompkins</st1:placename> <st1:placetype st="on">Square</st1:placetype> <st1:placetype st="on">Park</st1:placetype></st1:place> :." <i>New York City Department of Parks & Recreation</i>. Web. 07 Dec. 2009. <http: org="" parks="" tompkinssquarepark="">. </http:></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">Watson, Sophie, and Neil Smith. <i>The <st1:place st="on"><st1:placename st="on">Blackwell</st1:placename> <st1:placetype st="on">City</st1:placetype></st1:place> Reader (Blackwell Readers in Geography)</i>. <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">Grand Rapids</st1:place></st1:city>: Blackwell Limited, 2002. Print.<span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p></p><p class="MsoPlainText">
<br /><o:p></o:p></p> WChttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07219312338259790076noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3462469174246040076.post-38453852377225552832009-12-09T20:18:00.000-08:002009-12-09T20:28:13.883-08:00Weathermen/ Weather Underground Organization<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgKr6vly17MWYVA4UupSWUaAM1sikOZwYZH3gm1zVe-McYkovGtIDCn2U5wqiLAx9JARss-FImpKilVsqbZ9lQuCT5bA6MyLLJezwxourIGVV1h1Z7DkRPkmhAbLUNlU6CheMqjer2iB8/s1600-h/greenwich-explosion.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 291px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgKr6vly17MWYVA4UupSWUaAM1sikOZwYZH3gm1zVe-McYkovGtIDCn2U5wqiLAx9JARss-FImpKilVsqbZ9lQuCT5bA6MyLLJezwxourIGVV1h1Z7DkRPkmhAbLUNlU6CheMqjer2iB8/s320/greenwich-explosion.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5413457485730290914" border="0" /></a><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRi-67g3p5_o3dgD3vGo4YIDXX54b0FZWbWcfG7KH_1q3Vah6Cy9uYNM1gijmLbQ2bnfazlRtvMKaoPpvSYPgW2sk4pYLYxgzbiGuExzV5lpbtCBztcjwJI5MitLF2nt3DHgzCV-wBJrk/s1600-h/Weather_Underground_logo.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 267px; height: 136px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRi-67g3p5_o3dgD3vGo4YIDXX54b0FZWbWcfG7KH_1q3Vah6Cy9uYNM1gijmLbQ2bnfazlRtvMKaoPpvSYPgW2sk4pYLYxgzbiGuExzV5lpbtCBztcjwJI5MitLF2nt3DHgzCV-wBJrk/s320/Weather_Underground_logo.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5413457334911273650" border="0" /></a>
<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuJm9NHgpczYfYWlj4zo-ofweJyH0FZ7ym7P3GpQMySxHiwad9OF4eVynr-jr-U6ng-zuo2R40qX040NIcAHvG670-4_t5OqYH5pIQUXzPtDhL5BBPQSLXD-exTwjWUzrQZtIWYb62igA/s1600-h/18_w_11th.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 179px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuJm9NHgpczYfYWlj4zo-ofweJyH0FZ7ym7P3GpQMySxHiwad9OF4eVynr-jr-U6ng-zuo2R40qX040NIcAHvG670-4_t5OqYH5pIQUXzPtDhL5BBPQSLXD-exTwjWUzrQZtIWYb62igA/s320/18_w_11th.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5413457337089409474" border="0" /></a>
<br /><meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CWENDYC%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="Street"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="address"></o:smarttagtype><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:donotoptimizeforbrowser/> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if !mso]><object classid="clsid:38481807-CA0E-42D2-BF39-B33AF135CC4D" id="ieooui"></object> <style> st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } </style> <![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} a:link, span.MsoHyperlink {color:blue; text-decoration:underline; text-underline:single;} a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed {color:purple; text-decoration:underline; text-underline:single;} p.MsoPlainText, li.MsoPlainText, div.MsoPlainText {margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} span.EmailStyle16 {mso-style-type:personal; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:windowtext; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; text-decoration:none; text-underline:none; text-decoration:none; text-line-through:none;} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoPlainText" style="font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-size:78%;">1) Explosion on <st1:street st="on"><st1:address st="on">18 W 11th St.</st1:address></st1:street> after accidental detonation by Weather Underground, March 6, 1970 (<a href="http://www.wingright.com/gathering-storm-obama-and-ayers/">http://www.wingright.com/gathering-storm-obama-and-ayers/</a>). 2) Weather Underground Logo (Wikipedia). 3) 18 W 11th:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size:78%;"><span style="font-family:times new roman;">-Former site of 1970 Weather Underground Explosion, 2007 (http://newyorkdailyphoto.blogspot.com/2007/10/bomb-factory.html).</span></span><o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">
<br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CWENDYC%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="Street"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="address"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="place"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="State"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="PlaceType"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="PlaceName"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="City"></o:smarttagtype><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:browserlevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if !mso]><object classid="clsid:38481807-CA0E-42D2-BF39-B33AF135CC4D" id="ieooui"></object> <style> st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } </style> <![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><st1:street st="on"><st1:address st="on">18 West 11th Street</st1:address></st1:street></p><p class="MsoNormal"><st1:street st="on"><st1:address st="on">
<br /></st1:address></st1:street> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=""> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=""> </span>Just a few blocks from NYU and a site that we, as students, have most likely passed countless times without any suspicion holds a significant place in radical New York City history. It is at this site, <st1:street st="on"><st1:address st="on">18 West 11<sup>th</sup> Street</st1:address></st1:street>, that the Weather Underground Organization almost forty years ago prematurely detonated a bomb “intended for an officers' dance at <st1:placetype st="on">Fort</st1:placetype> <st1:placename st="on">Dix</st1:placename> in <st1:state st="on">New Jersey</st1:state> and for Butler Library at <st1:place st="on"><st1:placename st="on">Columbia</st1:placename> <st1:placetype st="on">University</st1:placetype></st1:place>”. What resulted was the unplanned death of three Weather Underground members in their continued effort towards strict militancy and anti-institutional radicalism. The bomb, which was being created at the townhouse belonging to the father of member Cathy Wilkerson, went off on March 6, 1970 and not only represented the organization’s lack of planning but also the privilege they held as a radical organization.
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<br /></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=""> </span>The Weather Underground formed as an aggressively militant offshoot of Students for a Democratic Society (SDS). Their creation was a reaction to the inadequacy of the New Left. Instead, they proposed a “white fighting force to support the black liberation movement,” through which they would employ “armed propaganda” and an “urban guerilla strategy,” where youth played an essential role in an armed struggle against government actions. The organization’s radicalism was evident in several episodes across the country: from the “Days of Rage” riots in <st1:city st="on">Chicago</st1:city> to the bombing of the Pentagon and United States Capitol building in <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Washington</st1:city>, <st1:state st="on">D.C.</st1:state></st1:place> The organization eventually changed from a very visibly violent organization to the formation of their underground movement, where they continued bombings but went further “underground” and became significantly less visible and cohesive.
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<br />I initially chose this site because the radicalism of the organization, of which I only marginally knew about, intrigued me. The militant activism against the status quo and rampant conservatism seemed at place within a historical context of the 1960s and 70s. However, upon further investigation, the organization seemed to represent oblivious white privilege and a short sightedness of the radicalism of that era. The organization was very much white, and despite their allegiance to the Black Panther Party and Black Nationalist Movement, they embodied a white privilege, of which those other radical groups could not enjoy the luxury. Thus, through their explicit radical actions and the minor political repercussions, the Weather Underground maintained the “legitimation of expectations of power and control that enshrine the status quo as a neutral baseline, while masking the maintenance of white privilege and domination.”
<br />
<br />It seems fitting and appropriate that the <st1:place st="on">Greenwich Village</st1:place> of today, with the effects of gentrification that NYU undoubtedly spurred, is home to some of the highest real estate in the country. Where the white privilege of the Weather Underground radicalism was once home and once devastated almost an entire block, that same white and class privilege remains.
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<br /><span style="font-style: italic;">- Josefina Peralta and Tiffany Chang</span>
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<br /><span style="font-size:100%;"><u>References <o:p></o:p></u></span> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p>
<br /></o:p></span><span style=";font-size:100%;" >Harris, Cheryl. 1993. “Whiteness as Property.” <i style="">Harvard Law Review:</i> 106-8.<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=";font-size:100%;" ><o:p>
<br /></o:p></span><span style="font-size:100%;">Jacobs, Ron. 1997. <i style="">Way the wind blew a history of the Weather Underground</i>. <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">London</st1:place></st1:city>: Verso. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p>
<br /></o:p></span><span style=";font-size:100%;" >Murtagh, John M. 2008. Fire in the Night. <i style="">City Journal</i>: 19-4.
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<br /></span><span style=";font-size:100%;" ><o:p></o:p></span></p><meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CWENDYC%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="place"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="State"></o:smarttagtype></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:donotoptimizeforbrowser/> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if !mso]><object classid="clsid:38481807-CA0E-42D2-BF39-B33AF135CC4D" id="ieooui"></object> <style> st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } </style> <![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} p.MsoPlainText, li.MsoPlainText, div.MsoPlainText {margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} span.EmailStyle15 {mso-style-type:personal; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:windowtext; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; text-decoration:none; text-underline:none; text-decoration:none; text-line-through:none;} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <p style="font-family: times new roman;font-family:times new roman;" class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size:100%;">Wakin, Daniel J. 2003. Quieter Lives for 60's Militants, but Intensity of Beliefs Hasn't Faded. New York Times, August 24.</span></p><p style="font-family: times new roman;font-family:times new roman;" class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-size:100%;">
<br /><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="font-family: times new roman;font-size:100%;" >Weather Underground Organization. 1971. Outlaws of Amerika: Communiques from the Weather Underground. <st1:place st="on"><st1:state st="on">New York</st1:state></st1:place>: Liberated Guardian. </span><o:p></o:p></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p></p> WChttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07219312338259790076noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3462469174246040076.post-44987517467632420252009-12-09T20:09:00.001-08:002009-12-09T20:18:14.641-08:00Rikers Island Jails<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMcEs8p78jFfFE-CCVP-MBFtDAO31sx1DGSZbfCXpstsfdjVOoFsyHO_REX-WgP__sv2nHclLOzka-2QHR92NPeTN7uwNq-njQ4NFmcBibF9UhEFY7wdvbiViGUQu8mLxyUbdzaAV9Apc/s1600-h/rikers_island_archival.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 169px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMcEs8p78jFfFE-CCVP-MBFtDAO31sx1DGSZbfCXpstsfdjVOoFsyHO_REX-WgP__sv2nHclLOzka-2QHR92NPeTN7uwNq-njQ4NFmcBibF9UhEFY7wdvbiViGUQu8mLxyUbdzaAV9Apc/s320/rikers_island_archival.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5413455185696566930" border="0" /></a>
<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvN5OZMfX6RkrOZkATZEwWMvBQspK4haBuFz3EoMLrdjoxAq9_ljSTfK4ika-GuumkeW2lw2wh5mmx0WwV1Jo2vsKqRaUjVKuSN0C2ZgM7ULYagFvNTw1pIcOd4FF2sH8Y8Y4b25-AA2I/s1600-h/rikers_island_aerial.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 213px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvN5OZMfX6RkrOZkATZEwWMvBQspK4haBuFz3EoMLrdjoxAq9_ljSTfK4ika-GuumkeW2lw2wh5mmx0WwV1Jo2vsKqRaUjVKuSN0C2ZgM7ULYagFvNTw1pIcOd4FF2sH8Y8Y4b25-AA2I/s320/rikers_island_aerial.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5413455180537250626" border="0" /></a>
<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJhEvm7SaYhrCYTZ7xZIplauqsrGRLbPh-5C5eWlDnprgrsBDc1k8N8dqRtXlsVrCqWh8PMH4vJSGTQkKOLkHYoAjZ7n8ZdTwKctwiPW3oUuS0dqvSAaI41-vLCZsr_TalLnjp_nyvJs4/s1600-h/Rikers+Island+map.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 312px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJhEvm7SaYhrCYTZ7xZIplauqsrGRLbPh-5C5eWlDnprgrsBDc1k8N8dqRtXlsVrCqWh8PMH4vJSGTQkKOLkHYoAjZ7n8ZdTwKctwiPW3oUuS0dqvSAaI41-vLCZsr_TalLnjp_nyvJs4/s320/Rikers+Island+map.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5413455179050541442" border="0" /></a><meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CWENDYC%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="place"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="PlaceType"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="PlaceName"></o:smarttagtype><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:browserlevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if !mso]><object classid="clsid:38481807-CA0E-42D2-BF39-B33AF135CC4D" id="ieooui"></object> <style> st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } </style> <![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal"><st1:place st="on"><st1:placename st="on">1) <span style="font-size:78%;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Rikers</span></span></st1:placename><span style="font-size:78%;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span><st1:placetype style="font-style: italic;" st="on">Island</st1:placetype></span></st1:place><span style="font-size:78%;"><span style="font-style: italic;"> Map (Wikipedia [edited]). 2)</span><o:p style="font-style: italic;"></o:p><span style="font-style: italic;"> </span><st1:place style="font-style: italic;" st="on"><st1:placename st="on"></st1:placename><st1:placetype st="on"></st1:placetype></st1:place><span style="font-style: italic;">2009 Aerial View of Rikers Island (http://www.flickr.com/photos/11036701@N06/3725894495/). 3)</span><o:p style="font-style: italic;"></o:p><st1:place style="font-style: italic;" st="on"><st1:placename st="on"></st1:placename><st1:placetype st="on"></st1:placetype></st1:place></span> </p> <p style="font-style: italic;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:78%;">1957 Aerial View of Rikers Island (http://www.correctionhistory.org/html/chronicl/nysarchivesbrowse/nysarchivesbrowse1.html)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal">
<br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CWENDYC%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="place"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="country-region"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="PlaceType"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="PlaceName"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="City"></o:smarttagtype><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:browserlevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if !mso]><object classid="clsid:38481807-CA0E-42D2-BF39-B33AF135CC4D" id="ieooui"></object> <style> st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } </style> <![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} span.bodytext {mso-style-name:bodytext;} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> </p><p class="MsoNormal">Bronx, located in the <st1:place st="on">East River</st1:place> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">Take the MTA Q101
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<br /></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="bodytext"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><st1:placename st="on"><span class="bodytext">Rikers</span></st1:placename><span class="bodytext"> <st1:placetype st="on">Island</st1:placetype>, home to ten inmate facilities and almost 14,000 inmates, is the largest jail facility in the <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">United States</st1:place></st1:country-region>. It lies in the East River between the Bronx and <st1:place st="on">Queens</st1:place> and represents the extreme racialization of stratified populations within the prison industrial complex. The “mile long bridge to <st1:placename st="on">Rikers</st1:placename> <st1:placetype st="on">Island</st1:placetype> is a dividing line” between the ambivalent <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">New York City</st1:place></st1:city> population and those trapped within the confines of the self-perpetuating criminal system of the city.<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">Riker’s Island was purchased by <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">New York City</st1:place></st1:city> in 1884 from the Dutch Ryker family, and was initially used as a jail farm. The inmates housed at the Department of Correction’s original main base of operation on Blackwell’s Island (now Roosevelt’s Island) were transferred to Rikers Island in 1932 and the first permanent jail structure on the island replaced the previous century-old and dilapidated Penitentiary. Since then, the jail system has grown to incredible and daunting proportions. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style=""><span style=""> </span>With a population greater than the entire prison systems of thirty-five states, 92% of which are Black and Latino and 75% of whom return to <st1:placename st="on">Rikers</st1:placename> <st1:placetype st="on">Island</st1:placetype> after a year, <st1:place st="on"><st1:placename st="on">Rikers</st1:placename> <st1:placetype st="on">Island</st1:placetype></st1:place> embodies an extreme of what can be seen across the country. Although Black and Latino Americans represent only 49% of the total city population, “nearly all of… [whom] come from one of the city’s ‘dead zones’: central Brooklyn, southeast Queens, Spanish Harlem, the Lower East Side, and the <st1:place st="on">South Bronx</st1:place>,” they hold an extraordinary majority within the city’s correctional facilities. Despite the fact that crime rates have significantly dropped in the city and across the country, the increased incarceration and intensity of laws have created a huge surplus in prisons, primarily affecting poor communities and communities of color. </span><span style=""> </span>The “deteriorating socio-economic conditions in the black community, heavily driven by educational failure, joblessness, and public sector budget cuts, are increasingly exacerbating the crime problem.” The result of the increased incarceration and overrepresentation of people of color in prisons is “overwhelmingly and effectively neutralizing young Black and Latino American males,” eliminating possibilities for the creation of stable and successful communities.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style=""> </span>Prisons and jails have therefore become highly racialized and stigmatized spaces. They are the ultimate representation of what is a non-white space, with “the ideal of pure and homogenous space through exclusiveness, exclusivity, and homogeneity.” The representation of prisons as a wholly un-pure space maintains that it is also very much a black space.
<br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="">
<br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-style: italic;">- Josefina Peralta and Tiffany Chang
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<br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style=""><meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CWENDYC%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="place"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="State"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="PlaceType"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="PlaceName"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="City"></o:smarttagtype><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:compatibility> <w:breakwrappedtables/> <w:snaptogridincell/> <w:wraptextwithpunct/> <w:useasianbreakrules/> <w:dontgrowautofit/> </w:Compatibility> <w:browserlevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:latentstyles deflockedstate="false" latentstylecount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if !mso]><object classid="clsid:38481807-CA0E-42D2-BF39-B33AF135CC4D" id="ieooui"></object> <style> st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } </style> <![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="">References<o:p></o:p></span></u></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><u><span style=""><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;">
<br /></span></o:p></span></u></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="">Barth, Kodi. “City of Jails.” </span>http://www.nyc24.org/2003/islands/zone2/rikershistory.html. </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">City of <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">New York</st1:place></st1:city> Department of Correction. “History of DOC.” http://www.nyc.gov/html/doc/html/about/history.shtml.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Flateau, John. 2002. <i style="">The Prison Industrial Complex Race, Crime & Justice in <st1:state st="on"><st1:place st="on">New York</st1:place></st1:state></i>. Calabasas: <st1:place st="on"><st1:placename st="on">DuBois</st1:placename> <st1:placename st="on">Bunche</st1:placename> <st1:placetype st="on">Center</st1:placetype></st1:place>. </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Wynn, Jennifer. 2001. <i style="">Inside Rikers Stories from the World's Largest Penal Colony</i>. <st1:state st="on">New York</st1:state>: <st1:place st="on">St. Martin</st1:place>'s. </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="">George Lipsitz, “The Racialization of Space and the Spatialization of Race.” <i style="">Landscape Journal</i> 26:1 (2007)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p></p> <p></p> WChttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07219312338259790076noreply@blogger.com2